Immigration to Spain has increased rapidly over the last few years

Immigration to Spain has increased rapidly over the last few years, one of the most obvious reasons being its proximity to North-Africa. One indicator of this increase is the number of petitions entered for a residence permit. The total of these petitions in 1999 reached about 95,000, doubling that of 1998 By the end of 2000 this number will have doubled again, or even tripled. However, the proportion of foreign people living in Spain is barely 2%, not much at all compared with 6% in France and 9% in Germany. Immigration is not going away, and many people think it shouldn't. Apart from the evident fruits that multiculturalism and cultural exchange bear, apart from the just as obvious call for solidarity with people leaving their countries in search of a better life, and apart from the fact that immigration to Europe has become inevitable, there are some pragmatic reasons to welcome non-EU citizens within our borders. Europe's demographic situation is one of them. Our population is growing slowly and ageing rapidly. Several studies indicate that if this pattern does not change, within five years time we will have difficulty providing the elderly with their well-deserved (and just as keenly-anticipated) pensions. The active population working to pay for those pensions will be unable to keep up with the ever growing group of retired people unless immigration counters this demographic trend, it is argued. Spain, in fact, is an ideal example. This country's population is growing more slowly than ever, with birth rates at an all-time low: 1.07 children per fertile woman. UN statistics indicate that by the year 2050, if nothing is done about this evolution, Spain's population will have fallen from 40 to 30 million. As immigrants traditionally have a higher birth rate, their presence could counter Spain's present pressing demographic problems, with the added benefit of bringing other cultures and lifestyles which create new jobs and bring foreign expertise to areas such as tropical medicine, specific kinds of education and cultural services. Immigration is proving to be the answer to problems faced by the Spanish labour market. Certain sectors, mainly agriculture and the construction industry, are constantly in need of unskilled, cheap labour. Most immigrants to Spain fill jobs that few Spanish citizens are willing to take up, and do so on low wages. Farm owners in Andalusia faced a deficit of 35,000 workers this summer. The horticultural sector in Aragon has similar problems, as does the construction industry in the Canaries. We are dealing with a serious short-fall in work forces, and an equally serious number of people at the borders, trying to make it into Spain and fill those empty jobs. The central Government seems as reluctant as ever to let them in. Only about 30,000 people a year are legally allowed to immigrate, clearly an insufficient number compared to the enormous need for extra work forces. The logic of the market dictates that empty jobs will be filled, legally if possible, and definitely illegally if necessary, a situation which opens the door to further illegal labour, mafia racketeering and plain exploitation. Instead, we might start contemplating better integration programmes, we might make it easier for undocumented foreigners to get their situation regularised, we might try and provide them with any specific needs and protection required or desired.

Importance of Partnerships Essay

The term partnership entails the joining of two entities or corporations of people or organizations with the unique intention of achieving much better results of the intended goals through combination of effort and other related resources. Indeed the general perception of partnership has evolved as a very central theme in the field of policy making since other fields such as social care, health matters, environment, urban generals, fighting and combating crime and terrorism, performing criminal activities and biotechnology continues to embrace partnership (Ling 2002, pp. 615-642). Partnership is also highlighted in the modernization of the various social services in Europe and in other parts of the world (Miller & Ahmad 2000). Various issues relate to the concept of partnership. The diversity in the nature of partnerships being formed all over the world requires special attention to be accorded to a number of central issues in the partnership relationships. The major advantages of forming partnership, the challenges that relate to this kind of relationship and the best way in which the partnerships would best be dissolved have been addressed in this paper. However, the continued lack of a definite definition of partnership has made it have a lot of ambiguity in a number of sectors. According to Nicolus (2003), such an approach is mainly with reference to the relationship that should be natured in such a relationship (Miller & Ahmad 2000; Solidarity with the Women, 1990). Partnership and Mother Care Due to the complex nature of partnerships, the relationship between partners and that of the child and the mother is best done to define the term and to ensure utmost relationship between the partners best understood to fully suit the market need in business and other spheres of life. The nature and history of early partnership help understand a number of issues that relate to the relationship between the partners. This is indeed best explained by the concept of the Early Years of Development and the various existing Child Car Partnerships in the world (EYDCP). These critically help to analyze the actual partnerships that are in actual existence (Powell 2009). The inadequate concepts developed on the working of the partnerships and the arguments on whether or not EYDCPs actually work and the overall meaning raises a number of concerns. The origin of partnership is not necessary based on the business conceptualizations that target to ensure efficient and effective utilization of resources. However, the need to win wars based either on countries, similar interest or to increase territorial boundaries and powers made the need to corporate and work in groups inevitable. Partnership is therefore not a criticism for differentiation (Maddock 2000). It is engraved in the response for fragmentation recognizes the differentiation and lack of compensation based on well understood relationship structures. The potentiality of the collaborators partners in a relationship assumes a natural perspective. In the mother – child relationship, it is almost automatic that the two depend on one another for a number of things which need to be satisfied if the relationship has to grow and become much stronger with time. Initially, one of the partners says the mother mainly benefits the child through breast feeding and offering security (McLaughlin 2008, pp. 82-101). However, as time progresses, the relationship become mutual and the child starts benefiting the mother through the assistance in performing various tasks. In a partnership, it is therefore very evident that knowledge, ideas and other necessary resources are exchanged based on the mutual agreement that may also be based on the pre-set rules and regulations. Partnerships offer partners the desired chance to influence one another and where possibly behave in as if they were one entity. The behaviors are in normally in ways in which the actions can if possible become more aligned thus allowing partners to fully or partially attain their own goals and those of the partnership in the most economical and cost effective manner. EYDCPs could therefore be described as a compulsory partnership based on the nature of its operation and structure of distribution of powers and other resources. In the research carried out on EYDCP nature of operation and other related matters, it is evident that the local authority education system staff had the view that its inactive and dormant members should be disqualified from the partnership (Ling 2002; Lossky & Stransky 2002). This explains the fact that even from the traditional strategic cooperation point of view, the need to maintain constant consultation, sharing of information and other resources is very fundamental in any form of partnership all over the world. If that does not happen, then the continuity of the relationship becomes either technically possible or redundant hence the need to terminate the relationship. It is evident that traditionally, some partnerships have been purely based on the resolution of conflicts and ensuring that peace, stability and cohesiveness thrives. In some partnership relationships, the whole partnership is normally about various conflicts of interest, regarding the partner’s who gets the money first, who bears largest losses and the manner in which authority is controlled. Partnership Definition and Its Nature The nature of partnership carried out depends on a number of factors. Partnership is the union of people or business entities with an intention of performing certain tasks and achieving certain designed tasks within a given time frame using certain amount of resources. The control of funding of the partnership and the overall control of partnership relationships depends on the manner in which the partnership can be exploited. The major requirements for partnership membership, its core target s, nature of control and ensuring setting up and enhancing monitoring various bodies delegated with the duty to do so is very fundamental (Ling 2000). In organizations which are supported by cash resources, a lot of strict regulations and constant adherence to the regulations is of paramount importance. In the modern partnership relationships, voluntary organizations may even be co-opted and the boundaries between voluntary and statutory activity become redrawn in line with government direction. Partnership working is one way in which the state normally retains and in some way its power over other sectors including the voluntary sector. Partnership Relationships in Reference to Relationship of Dealing with Children Children deserve to be given a lot of attention when dealing with. A lot of caution in terms of the tone used when talking to them, the manner in which their problems are solved and the general cool friendly attention they should be accorded is important. This is however a true reflection of how most partnership relationships should be carried out (Gatrell 2002). Listening to children and adequately addressing their issues prepare them for their future lives in which they become better placed to corporate with other people in their future lives. Indeed listening to children also produce better decisions are their various stages of life (Kilm 1997). Even though evidence to prove this argument is very limited in most life sources, it can be argued that habits developed in the early stages of life normally result into the molding of the final products o the mature being with good virtues thus being able to fully adhere to the societal norms. It is generally accepted in life that decisions normally best used by people based on the general knowledge and opinions of those affected and the environment in which they live in. In some instances, the requirements for children also reflect the needs of the partnership in a partnership set-up (Glendinning & Rummery 2008, pp. 133-137; Joseph & Phillips 2001). This explains the reason why in some partnerships, there are always very strong assumptions made in reference to children; that young people’s views cannot easily be ascertained independently with total disregard of their adults who in most cases are better placed to understand better a number of issues. The healthy being of children and poverty and the social exclusion of children also determine the manner in which children would grow to become responsive potential partners. It is so far evident that even though the outward nature of partnerships is commonly viewed positively, partnership has a lot of downfall which need a lot of attention when initiating the partnership plans. The British government has a clear understanding of the various partnership needs. According to the department of education and employment (1999) the recent policy developments have also put a frame to the definition of partnership with great reference to the attainment of the set goals rather than the general processes followed in formulating the partnership agreements and working procedures. This is also in reference to the modalities of partnership working which should be very clear and easily understood by all partners (Edmund 2007; Gatrell 2002). Areas Where Partnership is Very Crucial The practice of partnership is very crucial in a number of sectors. This practice, even though very important in a number of areas, has proved to be more fundamental in some fields than in others (Denzin 2003). This could be in corporation with from various sectors. The continued needs for corporation in a number of fields elicit the need for adequate analysis in determining the conditions necessary for the partnership. Partnership success is charged in various organizations by the ability of attaining certain set goals. In different organizations, the total outcome and profitability value, collaboration nature, the social and health care programs is very crucial in the success of partnerships. Hospitals and other health sectors are one of the areas in life where partnership is of great importance. In the health care, provision of some medical services is very expensive and some medical units are not better placed to offer certain services. Recruitment and employment of medical staff on a permanent basis is also sometime very costly. Surgeons for instance are also very expensive to employ on a permanent basis. This calls for the need to partner with other medical services and hospitals so as to hire these personnel when need arises (Craig & Taylor 2002). Denzin (1998) believes that a partnership is very fundamental, sensitive and thus the need to keep a close watch on the issues related to the relationships. Research in the medical field on the medication of some diseases is normally carried out in partnership with other medical organizations in order to ensure faster discovery of the medical treatment for certain diseases. Hospitals that venture in the provision of sensitive services and medical-care require that partnership be enhanced. This ensures sharing of sensitive information and research results. The partnership that enhances the general reduction of operational costs in the health sector that resulting in the overall reduction of the cost of medical services. Moreover, banking industry, security departments and most transport sectors such as airlines participate in partnerships (Clarke & Glendinning 2002). The partnerships, like in the medical industry, ensures that sensitive yet very vital information is exchanged to also to man and adequately address challenges related to their sector.

An Estimation of the Total Economic Value of a local park Essay

An Estimation of the Total Economic Value of a local park - Essay Example Total Economic Value of Kings Park is $6869.3m. Though the park authority is making much money, but they could make much more if they pay attention in terms of entrance fare, number of guides, transport services for foreign visitors, hospitality and other facilities. Having good and bad sides, Kings Park is one of the mentionable parks for its monuments that they have built for showing respect and honor to some people who have sacrificed their lives in different memorable events. Research means scrutinizing carefully of a certain topic. For this research-based project, we have told to make an estimation of the total economic value of a local public park. That means that kind of park, which is for public entertainment. For an example, the names of National Park, City Park, Mexican Forest Park, Bold Park, Central Park and many other parks of different countries may be mentioned here. As a real park, I have selected Kings Park of Western Australia as my chosen park. To do the project, I have done a questionnaire-based fieldwork (research based on questionnaire and making interviews of related groups), which made my project more reliable and easier to do. Though it is a short project, but I had to be careful in case of collecting information and applying them properly. My lack of knowledge and shortage of information were great limitations for this work, but the Park authority helped me very much by providing disc losable information. But they didn’t disc lose some confidential information, which is part of their business policy. I am very grateful to our instructor who has given me the opportunity to do the project that has enriched my knowledge, skills, and practical experiences on a mentionable place of a distinctive country. The streets of Kings Park are another symbol of peace. They are lined with individual plaques. The plaques are dedicated by Western Australian Service men and

Global Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Branding - Essay Example itical to note that the debate of the standardization versus adaptation is largely rooted into the overall discussion on the globalization and anti-globalization debate. Despite the increase in the overall anti-globalization sentiments across the globe there are still efforts towards the standardization as well as the adaptation of the brands across regions. The debate therefore between the localization and the offering of the standardize products across all the regions largely depends upon how the organizations take into consideration different factors. Though both the approaches towards the brand strategy also required to be explored from the perspective of how they may have an impact on the marketing as well as the financial outcomes for the organizations. This paper will discuss and explore the issue of how the standardization as well as adaptation may have on the marketing outcomes such as prices, premium, market shares besides discussing as to how the same can have an impact on the financial performance of the organization. Branding itself has become one of the challenging aspects of managing the overall marketing strategy of the firm. Marketers have to actually now shift from the product standardization to the brand standardization as increased awareness of the global consumers actually require firms to cater to the uniform needs of the consumers also. Branding as a process actually refers to the process of connecting the name and the reputation to a person or an item. As such, the overall breadth and scope of the branding has expanded and often covers the products and even different product ranges. (Whitelock and Fastoso et al., 2007, pp. 252--270) Increasingly, international marketing experts believe that the share of the globally standardized brands is increasing at relatively greater pace. The entry of luxury brands into Asian markets speaks volumes about the penetration of the global brands into the markets which were previously not served by these

What does the 3rd space mean to you as a health professional Assignment

What does the 3rd space mean to you as a health professional - Assignment Example et al., 2010). In the context of this assignment, the third space was the forum where the aboriginals and the non-aboriginals gathered to talk and interact with one another away from their homes and places of work. There is a general agreement that social capital or what others would call cultural capital is not the only way to deal with the social exclusion menace. Aboriginals in Australia struggled for many years to be able to get the second and third space. It was actually hell to get the third space (Fenwick, 1998). They were at the periphery of service delivery in Australia for many years. They had health issues to deal with, and it was hard because they didn’t have the third space (Fenwick, 2001). A health professional finds the third space very important because it provides a forum in which they got to know about the health of the aboriginals, unlike the past where they would have health problems and nobody would care about it. The aboriginal health was in the past the hardest thing to understand because they lived in seclusion and felt unneeded because of their identity. It would be easier for health professionals to find ways to help the aboriginals with their health problems if informal settings are created in which the aboriginals and the non-aboriginals can sit together and talk, and just interact on a number of things touching on their lives (Eckermann et al. 2010).. There were certain social determinants of an aboriginal’s health and all of them touched on the social exclusion they suffered in the hands of the non-aboriginals, supposedly because they are viewed as an inferior race to the non-aboriginals. This made it hard to understand the health issues of the aboriginals. Third space creates an environment in which these two groups of people can interact. Through such interaction, it is no doubt that the health professionals will find it easy to understand the health of the aboriginals, and

Comparison of Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of Analysis - Research Paper Example The above tools are better as compared to other tools since they cover broad perspectives. For instance, if compared to porters five forces model, it only deals with threat of new competition from new market entrants, threat of substitute products or services, bargaining power of customers, bargaining power of suppliers, and intensity of competitive rivalry therefore living other important factors that influence the market. John Ferrer and Deborah Furniture Company have established itself as a market leader in providing quality furniture for its customer. The company has also established itself in Boston as well as the other different places in which it sells its furniture. The company has been able to grow from 5 distribution and manufacturing plants to over 10 manufacturing plants centers throughout the country. John and Deborah’s corporation is known throughout the industry for it has also exceptional customer service and superior quality. The company has also established itself well by providing contemporary designs that are attractive to the customers (Sarah & Chris, 2011). The company has various weaknesses that have drugged it behind in its efforts towards a quick growth. Such weaknesses include a lack of expertise in its workforce that could not immediately capture market attention. Moreover, the company failed in the level of technology that it used to process its furniture in its plants and equipment’s. The low level of technology caused the company to process low quality products that did not immediately capture the markets attention. Moreover, the company was faced the challenge of limited resources in its endeavors to process the furniture products. Such challenge is the unavailability of raw materials (Minton, 2010). The company has various opportunities opened to it that will oversee its growth. The opportunities open to

The Best Airline in the United Kingdom and Europe Research Paper

The Best Airline in the United Kingdom and Europe - Research Paper Example The airline schedules are today subjected to strict regulatory measures, which limits the flying time across Europe as a whole. To remain viable in the market, British airways must implement security and regulatory measures as stipulated by the control acts. The level of security measures that an airline puts in place also influences customer confidence and trust. Consequentially, British Airways must enforce the political security regulatory measures that are put in place by global airline control (O’Connell & Williamson, 2011). A number of economic events in the global market have also affected the performance and vibrancy of the airline industry. For example, the global economic crisis of 2008 affected a number of businesses based in the United Kingdom, which further reduced the level of airline schedules. The growth of the industry following this crisis has not significantly picked up and is currently pegged at 2% yearly. Apart from the global financial crunch, the dwindling strength of the euro has also had a significant bearing on the performance of the airline sector (Punzel, 2011). The euro has continued to weaken against the pound and this has affected the performance of British Airways. To mitigate the challenges created by the meltdown, most businesses and individuals in the United Kingdom and the United States have cut down on their spending and travels, a situation that has affected the performance of the airline. The high cost of fuels, which has led to an increase in the cost of air travel, has also forced companies to adopt other cheaper alternatives such as teleconferencing (Balmer, Stuart & Greyser, 2009).

Please describe the information to make a note for the work Speech or Presentation

Please describe the information to make a note for the work - Speech or Presentation Example The red cells are well known for transporting oxygen to other parts of the human body. As the curved piece blocks the moving red pieces it represents the red blood cells being affected by the sickle as they move and changes their shape to oval. What happens is that the sickle celled cells get stuck on the way just like the stopped red piece when they are moving in the blood vessels. As a result oxygen is stopped from being distributed into the body causing pain in the sick body. This effect can affect other body parts like the body organs, the bones and the muscles. This model art represents the affected cells and their movement. The two pendulums represent the pumping of blood in the human body. As the pendulum swings, it introduces a new force and makes the pieces to move. As one square piece moves, it exerts force to the other piece making them to move slightly. The small square pieces represent the affected cells which do not move to circulate oxygen to the entire body of a human person. This creates redundancy in the blood cells movement hence oxygen is not circulated fully. People with sickle cell disease face a lot of pain and problems and hence their life span is reduced. This is one of the best visual arts represented which clearly shows how the affected red cells find it difficult to move in the blood vessels. The tray in which the square pieces move represents the blood vessel. Ever taught the cause of Sickle Cell? Well, it is a disease that is normally inherited mostly from a parent to a child. The child is so unlucky that he or she gets a gene from each of the parents (Father and Mother). When a child carries only one gene of the Sickle cell, he or she becomes a carrier. From this simple explanation, you now know how sickle cell

Sustainable Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sustainable Project Management - Essay Example ng the social, environmental, and economical interests in project management life cycle to attain a bearable, sustainable and equitable environment (Kohler & et.al., 2012). In other words, it bonds the people, planet, and profits realized in a construction project. This paper discusses sustainable project management under four concepts; project quality, economic studies (risks and benefits), construction waste management, and build operation and maintenance. Rose (2005) defines quality as the total characteristics of a product that satisfies the implied needs. A construction project has an anticipated project deliverables. Therefore, project quality management is a process that ensures that the delivered project meets the value for money to the client. The details of the scope of works and contract specification document determine the expected and the level of quality. Project quality management should be compatible with ISO 9000 and ISO 1000 quality standards as well as the guidelines. Project quality also focuses on management of the project and the delivered. Project appraisal is a forecasting technique rather than a formulation one. Despite this, there is no forecast without problems (risks). Uncertainties in certain scenarios can be transformed to risks. Therefore the risks are subjected to empirical measurement, analyzed and managed. Risk assessment is a study of existing probabilities that the project will attain a satisfactory performance. The following are the recommended steps for assessing project risks; Cost-benefit analysis is the commonly used appraisal technique for evaluating construction projects. It is required by the client to ascertain the value for money for the delivered project. A sustained project is thus that which he benefits outweigh costs. Cost-benefit analysis is a process that determines the pros and cons on the project life cycle. It is concerned with the benefits from quality management versus the costs of quality management

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 4

Business Ethics - Essay Example Once the announcement took place, trading for the shares skyrocketed and price increased by more than 20 percent, thus, benefiting the people who had previously bought those shares for a premium. The case also reveals that the SEC and other regulators are willing to punish such actions as they are deemed to undermine market efficiency and investor confidence. In fact, they have even gone so far as to freeze Swiss bank accounts. Insider trading has been prevalent since the very inception of stock markets (Ferrell et al., 2012, pp. 83). In the recent past, several prominent names which include but are not limited to Rajat Gupta (Goldman Sachs), Raj Rajaratnam and Jason Goldfarb (Galleon Group), Donald Johnson (NASDAQ), Joseph Skowron and Yves Benhamou Matthew Kluger and Brett Bauer have been disgraced, fined, imprisoned due to insider trading. Although insider trading is one of the most widely discussed and debated issues within the field of business ethics, there is a serious disagree ment amongst experts regarding whether or not insider trading should be made ethical or unethical. This paper makes a brief attempt at exploring and analysing various dynamics of insider trading in light of the above mentioned article. ... e likely to possess information about the company that no individual on the outside knows such as a possible merger, acquisition (as in the case of Heinz), financial results, lawsuits, getting access to new distribution or communication channels, strategic alliances and others. The law does not restrict employees of any company and for that matter of fact even the top management, directors and large shareholders of the company from trading the shares of the company but it does not make it explicitly clear that they should not take any advantage of non-public information (Ferrell et al., 2012, p. 83). In fact, even if an insider reveals a piece of crucial inside information, the law restricts the ability of any outsider to use or act upon that information (Henn, 2011, p. 85). Important here to note is that the timing is crucial in the cases of insider trading. Insiders aware of non-public information can act on that information once that become public. Some companies restrict insiders to act on that information only after 24 hours had passed on that information becoming public in order to avoid any complications (George, 2006, p. 75). Ethical Issue The ethical issue which is under discussion here is that of insider trading. The insiders, clearly, used the information that did not belong to them and used it for their personal gain (Sharma & Bhal, 2004, p. 412). When an asset of any organization is used, without the permission of the owner, for personal gain, the gain belongs to the owner and in this case it belonged to Heinz who has been now been acquired by Buffet’s company. Insider trading is also an ethical issue because while other traders in the market had access to a certain level of information, these insiders used information that had yet not been made

Songs of Silence - Nathan Essay Example for Free

Songs of Silence Nathan Essay Use the character Nathan to discuss the ways in which Forbes presents the theme of Silence.  In the book ‘Songs of Silence’, the character Nathan is man of simple pleasures. His kind of silence as pertaining to the book was one of never knowing what to expect or what his true intentions were. It was a silence of pure evil yet with purposeful good intentions. This is seen when he seeks revenge after his kite was broken by his brother earlier that day. Before going to bed, he performed his bedtime ritual of kneeling by his bedside and saying his prayers then proceeded to his older brother, Tony, and poked him in the eye and without a word went to bed an fell asleep. That action was unexpected but well deserved. Nathan was very observant. He was also a determined young man. It is seen in the way he would handle negotiations with his siblings. It was almost like you would have to give into his demands because it was his way or the highway, take it or leave it, that type of thing. So if it was a situation where you needed something from him you would then have to meet the requirements of payment or not have whatever it is taken care of and that would be his final answer. You could say he was a stubborn person but he stood up for what he felt he believed in. This is also seen in his later years as an adult. As a security guard he abided by the rules and stood up for what was right. He didn’t allow the thought of material things cloud the duties he had to fulfill, and in doing this he lost a leg but was quite content in the down to earth life style he lived after settling a generous financial deal. For Nathan the need for a companion was never at all necessary. He needed only himself. He found self-fulfillment of being satisfied with what he had and had no need for anything more. Forbes drew a reference to this by stating, â€Å"If bone could suffice, there was no need for flesh,† (page: 31 fourth paragraph). That statement alone shows us how content yet tight Nathan was. Tight in the sense that when he was owed something he would make sure of it that he got repaid. Also, when it came to money he only spent what it is he knew he needed. Other than that the money would forever stay in his pocket. There were many ‘types’ of silence interpreted in the book ‘Songs of Silence’. Nathan’s silence in particular was one which brought about question. Why was he so quiet all the time? Was something troubling him that he had to take a great deal of time to figure it out? Or was it because he had no interest in earthly pleasures. In conclusion, Curdella Forbes uses Nathan’s silence to epitomize self-content; being happy with the company of one’s self.

Stem Cell Treatment in Age-Related Macular Degeneration AMD

Stem Cell Treatment in Age-Related Macular Degeneration AMD Background: Age-Related Macular degeneration (AMD) is a painless disease that usually affects people over the age of 60. The Macular is the part of the fundus which is responsible for the patients central vision which allows them to see in fine detail and aids in facial object recognition. The patients peripheral vision is not affected so AMD does not result in complete blindness. The diagram shows the positions of the main structures inside a normal healthy eye such as the macula optic nerve. The general symptoms that a patient with AMD would experience are: Â   Â   Â   Blurred central vision distortion reduction in contrast sensitivity blind spots (scotomas) hallucinations (occasionally, more common in Wet AMD) (Symptoms taken from www.nhs.uk website) There are 2 types of AMD, Wet and Dry, the clinical presentations and the symptoms the patient experiences differ. Wet AMD occurs when the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) underneath the retina at the macula thickens and then breaks. The oxygen supply to the macula is disrupted and the body responds by abnormally growing new blood vessels through the RPE towards the macula to help increase oxygen supply, this can cause the macula to appear raised. The new vessels are fragile and poor quality so leak or bleed. This causes atrophy to the macula which results in rapid decline in central vision. Wet AMD is the most sight threatening of the 2 types as once the vision has be lost it cannot be regained again but there are treatments that can help slow the progression of the disease such as Anti-VEGF injections which stop/slow the growth of the new abnormal vessels. (www.nhs.uk) Dry AMD is the most common form of AMD, around 90% of cases. The clinical presentation of dry AMD is drusen appearing at or around the macula area. Drusen looks like white/yellow dots, they can be small and well defined or large and blurred margins. Drusen occurs as the eye may have a problem with disposing waste from the photoreceptors and so calcium and lipid deposits build up. The retinal pigment epithelium layer may thin and the drusen will push through. The drusen then causes photoreceptor death/degeneration causing atrophy of the retina. This is when the patients vision will start to reduce. It is a much slower disease process than wet AMD, it can be a couple of months before the patient experiences any symptoms relative to dry AMD. (www.AMD.org) Normal Fundus Wet AMD Dry AMD Stem Cells: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which can differentiate into specialised cells such as muscle, skin and bone cells. In mammals there are 2 types of stem cells this depends on the source which they are taken from; these are embryos which are 4-5 days old in the blastocyst phase and in adult tissues throughout the body such as bone marrow, the brain and skeletal muscle tissue. (www.medicalnewstoday.com) The first trial was on 2 patients who were in late stage of AMD; they underwent immunosuppressive treatment to reduce a negative response to the new stem cells. The embryonic source is chosen for this treatment, the researchers used mouse skin cells to help the stem cells to differentiate into retinal cells. They are then purified so not contaminated by mouse cells. These purified retinal cells are then made into a 1ml solution and injected into only one eye (this is done in trials as they dont know if the treatment will have a damaging or successful effect on the eye). The general results from this trial were good; one patient had Stargardts macular dystrophy that before treatment could only see hand motions but 2 weeks after transplant was able to count fingers with only the eye that had the transplant carried out in it. Their vision continued to improve over the next 3 months. (www.nhs.uk, Bazian January 2012.) Structure Abstract/Intro -Short intro about what a stem cell and age related macular degeneration is. -Aim of dissertation; what I want to achieve through the dissertation as a whole. -Should be roughly 1 page. Stem cells -More detail on what they are. -Different types of stem cells; explain where they are found and when they would be used. -What type of AMD does this treat and why? Age-Related macular Degeneration -Background on both types (containing the anatomy of the eye, normal/abnormal) -Causes -Epidemiology -Pathogenesis -Pathology -Prevention -Treatments (current and new) Potential of stem cell -How do the stem cells differentiate to photoreceptors RPE cells? How well does it do this? -How well does the trials transfer from animals to humans? -What is the success of these trials? Discussion -Does this look like a viable treatment for AMD? -Could it be used for either wet/dry or just one? -What are the advantages/disadvantages? -Ethical argument in using stem cells from embryos. Conclusion Perspective -What I think of the whole argument for and against the treatment -Do I think it is a viable and effective treatment? -Do the results from trials back up the theory and argument for stem cells? New research -How have the trials been taken further? -Has any improvements or adjustments been made? E.g. Have administration methods or cell culturing methods changed? References Projected Timetable of Work 30/11/16 Sections 1, 2 ; Abstract, Stem cells What is AMD. 31/12/16 Section 4; Potential of stem cells in the treatment of AMD. 31/01/17 Section 5; Discussion. 28/02/17 Section 6 7; Conclusion/Perspective New research. 31/03/17 Section 8; References. Dissertation Complete, to be proof read and bound. 13/04/17 Final Hand in Date. References: www.amd.org/what-is-macular-degeneration/dry-amd/ www.cnib.ca www.medicalnewstoday.com www.nhs.uk/conditions/macular-degeneration/pages/introduction.aspx www.nhs.uk/news/2012/01January/Pages/embyonic-stem-cell-trial-macular-degeneration.aspx, Stem cell therapy safe for eye condition. January 24, 2012. Analysis by Bazian, edited by NHS Choices. rgw.com Webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu

The Process Control Management In Linux Information Technology Essay

The Process Control Management In Linux Information Technology Essay Linux began to develop in 1991 when a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, wrote a tiny self-contained kernel for the 80396 processors. Linux source code was available free on the internet. Due to that Linux developed by many users from around the world. Linux is a free operating system and modern based on UNIX standards. A complete Linux system contains many components that were developed independently of Linux. The core of Linux operating system kernel is completely original, but it allows many existing free UNIX software to run, resulting in a complete UNIX compatible operating system free from proprietary code. Introduction A process is the basic context between all user activity and user-request within the operating system. Linux needs to use a process model familiar to other versions of UNIX to be compatible with them. Linux operates same as UNIX and differently few key places. Section 1: Operating Systems Process control management in Linux Processes and Threads Linux prepares a fork () system call with the customary functionality of replicating a process. Linux provide ability to create threads through the clone () system call. However, Linux cannot mark as different between processes and threads. Actually, Linux usually uses the term task when applying to a flow of control within a program. When clone () is requested, it is passed a group of flog that determine how much sharing is to take place between the parent and child duties. Thus, if clone () is approved the flags CLONE_FS, CL0NE_VM, CLONE_SIGHAND, and CLONE_FILES, the parent and child duties will share the same file-system information, the same memory space, the same signal handlers, and the same set of open files. Using clone () in this style same as creating a thread in other systems, since the parent duty shares most of resources with child duty. The lack of difference between processes and threads might be possible because Linux does not hold a entire process context within the main process data structure. It keeps the context within autonomous sub-contexts. The process data structure basically contains pointers to these other structures, so every number of processes able easily shares a sub-context through pointing to the same sub-context as suitable. The arguments to the clone () system command it which sub-contexts to copy, and which to share, when it makes a new process. The new process constantly is given a new personality and a new scheduling context; in accord with arguments passed, however, it may either make new process use the same sub-context data structures being used by the parent. The fork () system call si special case of clone () that duplicate all sub-context and nothing to share. Process Scheduling Scheduling is allocating CPU time to different tasks within an operating system. Commonly, being the running and interrupting of process are normal thinking about scheduling, but another aspect of scheduling is also important to Linux which is running of the various kernel tasks. Kernel tasks surround both tasks that are requested through a running process and tasks which execute internally on behalf of device driver. Linux has two separately different process-scheduling algorithms. First one is a time-sharing algorithm for fair, preemptive scheduling within multiple processes; the second one is designed for real-time task, where particular priorities are more important than fairness. The scheduling algorithm used for routine, time-sharing tasks received a major overhaul with version 2.5 of the kernel. Before version 2.5, the Linux kernel made a variation of the scheduling algorithm in traditional UNIX. Problems with the traditional UNIX are among other issues that it does not provide sufficient support for SMP systems and that it does not scale very well as the number of tasks on the system grows. The renovation of the scheduler kernel with version 2.5 now provides a scheduling algorithm that runs in constant time without consideration of the number of task on the system. The new process scheduler also provides reduced support for SMP, including processor affinity and load balancing, besides maintaining fairness and interactive tasks supporting. The Linux scheduler is a particular, priority-based algorithm with two priority ranges separately: a real-time range from 0 to 99 and a nice value ranging from 100 to 140. These two ranges map into universal priority scheme through numerically lower values indicate higher priorities. Linux assigns higher-priority tasks longer time quanta and vice-versa. Due to unique nature of the scheduler, this is suitable for Linux. A run able task is considered qualify for execution on the CPU while it has time remaining in its time slice. When a task has expended its time slice, it is considered expired and is not eligible for twice execution till all other tasks have also exhausted their time quanta. The kernel support s a list of all run-able tasks in a run-queue data structure. Due to its support for SMP, each processor maintains its own run-queue and schedules itself independently. Each run-queue includes two priority arrays which are active and expired. The active array contains all expired tasks and each of these priority arrays contains a list of tasks indexed according to priority. The scheduler selects the task with the highest priority from the active array for execution on the CPU. On some multiprocessor machines, this means that each processor on the single machine is scheduling the highest-priority task from its own run-queue structure. So when all tasks have expended their time slices which is th e active array is empty, the two priority arrays are replaced as the expired array becomes the active array and vice-versa. Tasks are allocated dynamic priorities that are based on the nice value minus or plus until value 5 based upon task interactivity. Whether a value is subtracted or added from a nice value task depends on the task interactivity. A taskà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s interactivity is determined by how long it has been sleeping during waiting for I/O. Tasks that are more communicating typically have longer sleep times and so are more probably to have an adjustment closer to -5, as the scheduler supports such interactive tasks. in an opposite manner tasks with shorter sleep times are in many cases more CPU-bound and therefore will have their priorities decreased. The recalculation of dynamic priority task happens when the task has depleted its time quantum and is to be moved to the expired array. Therefore, when the two arrays are exchanged, all tasks have been assigned in the new array to new priorities and similar time slice. Real-time scheduling in Linux is simpler still. Linux performs the two real-time scheduling classes required by POSIX.1b: first come, first served (FCFS) and round robin. Each process has a priority extra to its scheduling class in both of them. Processes of different priorities might be competed with one another to some extent in scheduling of time sharing; in real time scheduling, however, the scheduler most of the time runs the process with the highest priority. Among equal priority processes, it runs the process which has been waiting longest. The only difference between round robin and FCFS scheduling is that FCFS processes continue to run till they either exit or block, but a round robin process will be acquired after a while and will be moved to the end of the scheduling queue, thus, equal priority round-robin processes will automatically time-share between themselves. Unlike usual time-sharing tasks, real-time tasks are allocated static priorities. Real-time Linux scheduling is soft rather than hard real-time. The scheduler gives strict guarantees about the relative priorities of real time processes, beside the kernel does not offer any guarantees that how quickly a real time process will be scheduled once that process become run able. Section 2: Computer Systems Architecture Microprocessors Single-Processor Systems Most of computer systems use a single processor. The diversity of single-processor systems may be surprising, however, since these computer systems range from PDAs through mainframe systems. There is one main CPU capable of performing a general purpose instruction set on a single processor system that including instructions from user processes. Almost all computer systems have other special purpose processors as well. They may come through device specific processors, for example graphics controllers, disk and keyboard; or, on mainframes, they may come from of more general processors, such as I/O processors which move data quickly among the component of the system. All of these special purpose system processors run a CPU limited instruction set in most of the time and do not run user processes. Sometimes they are administered by the operating system, in that the operating system sends them quickly information about their next task and then monitors their status alternatively. For instance, a disk controller microprocessor in a system receives a sequence of requests from the main CPU and executes its own disk queue and scheduling algorithm. This arrangement releases the main CPU of the overhead of the disk scheduling. All the PCs contain a particular microprocessor in the keyboard to change the keystrokes into code to be dispatched to the CPU. In some systems special purpose processors are low-level ingredient built into the systemà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s hardware. The operating system cannot communicate correctly with these kinds of processors; they do their task independently. The use of special purpose microprocessors is usual and does not change a single processor system into a multiprocessor. However, the system is a single-processor system if there is only one general-purpose CPU. Multiprocessor Systems Although single processor systems are most ordinary, multiprocessor systems known as parallel systems are growing in importance also. These systems have two or more processors in close communication, sharing the computer bus and sometimes the clock. Multiprocessor systems in computers have three main advantages: Increased throughput: it is expected to get more work done in few time by increasing the number of processors. When multiple processors work together on a task, a specific amount of overhead is incurred relevant all the parts working well. Economy of scale: Multiprocessor systems can sometimes cost less than multiple single processor systems, because they can share accessories, mass storage and power supplies. If several programs tasks operate on the same set of data, it costs little money to store those data on one hard disk and to have all the processors share them than to have many systems with local disks or many copies of the data. Increased reliability: if tasks can be distributed properly among several processors, so the failure of one processor will not stop the whole of system, only slow it down. For example; if we have five processors and one fails, then rest of the remaining four processors can obtain a share of the work of failed processor. So, the entire system runs only five percent slower, and not failing altogether. Increased reliability of a system is critical in many programs. The capability to continue providing service balanced to the level of surviving computer hardware is called graceful degradation. Some computer systems go beyond graceful- degradation and known fault tolerant, because they can tolerate a failure of any single component and then continue operation. Fault tolerance requires demands a mechanism to permit the failure to be detected, examined, and, if possible, corrected. The system is composed of multiple pairs of CPUs working in lock step. Both processors in the pair perform each instruction and compare the results. One CPU of the pair is at fault, and both are stopped if the results differ. the process which was being performed is then moved to another pair of CPUs, thus, the instruction that failed is restarted. This way is expensive, since it involves special system hardware and considerable hardware duplication. These days the multiple processor systems in use are of two types. The first types systems use asymmetric multiprocessing, that each processor is assigned a specific task. Thus, a master processor controls the system; and the other processors take instructions or have predefined tasks from master. This plan defines a accurate master-slave relationship. The master system processor schedules tasks and then allocates work to the slave processors. The most common computer systems use symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) to process the task, in which each processor executes all tasks within the operating system. SMP means that all system processors are peers; and no any master slave relationship exists among processors. Solaris is a commercial version of UNIX designed by Sun Microsystems that is a model of the SMP systems. A Solaris system might be configured to activate many of processors, all running Solaris. The difference between asymmetric processors and symmetric multiprocessing may result from either hardware or software. Some special hardware can distinguish the multiple system processors, or the computer software can be written to permit only one master and multiple slaves. A recent trend in CPU design these days is to comprise multiple compute cores on a single chip. Essentially, these are multiprocessor chips. Twoà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬way multi processor chips are becoming mainstreams, while N-way chips are going to be common in high end systems. Except architectural consideration such as memory, cache and bus, these multi-core CPUs look to the operating system. Lastly, blade servers are a recent development in which multiple processor boards systems, I/O boards and networking boards are placed in the same foundation. The difference between traditional multiprocessor systems and these is that each blade-processor boards are multiprocessor also, which makes difference between types of computers. In essence, those servers composed of multiple independent multiprocessor systems. Conclusion The Linux kernel is executed as a traditional en bloc kernel for performance reasons, but it is standardized enough in design to allow most drivers to be dynamically loaded and unloaded at run time. Linux is a well done multiuser system, arranging protection between processes and running multiple processes according to a time sharing scheduler. Recently produced processes can share selective parts of their execution environment through their parent processes, allowing multithreaded programming.

Expanding Feminist Activism Essay -- Feminism Essays

Expanding Feminist Activism I chose this topic mainly because of interest. When thinking about the idea of feminism aside from all stereotypes one would think the struggle for women's rights. The idea sounds unified in saying and one would assume most women were involved. For a long time the women's movement applied to just white upper class females. I found a source on extremist women, which focused on the powerful ideas of white supremacy. This article was geared toward white women, and the goal trying to be achieved was equal status as men in the work place, and no rights for minorities. Not surprisingly many of these participants were in the Ku Klux Klan. What is funny to me is that while these women are making this "powerful" stand for women and humanity they are also contradicting themselves as well. How can u have a fight for justice and equality, when not everyone is allowed to participate? I found another source which was called Feminism is For Everybody written by bell Hooks. Its focus was on her opin ion of the feminist movement and how she felt it too was focused on the white middle class. When the movement opened up and extended themselves to other groups there was still a large problem. Many of them assumed that every other group was fighting for the same thing, and if they weren't well they should change views because there way was the "right" way. What's important with this situation is not every group suffers the same, there are similarities but the end goal can sometimes be different. The first sight was one was called, Expanding the boundaries of the Women's movement: Black feminism and the struggle for welfare rights. This article is critical; it paints a picture of the needs and wants of feminist from Afric... ...This is both helpful and interesting because we are once again to see different culture address different issues. Their focuses are on making a stronger bond and unify the women. Russo, Ann. White Women, Antiracism, and feminism. Indiana, 1991. This book was one which we read in class that discusses the ideas and points of views on Russo and the ideas of white supremacy. This was actually very helpful because it brought back past and possible future ideas of white supremacy and racism. Voices from the Gaps. Bell Hooks. (Feb. 1998) . Online Voices from the Gap. Internet. February 12, 1998. Available: http://www.voices.ccla.umn.edu/authors/bellhooks.html This website mainly focuses on more background information of feminism and her views. It also provides different websites that one could search for further information. This is both insightful and helpful.

Judaism :: essays research papers

Judaism 1 A nation of Priests, Prophets, and Kings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the Jews were still trying to find the holy land, the brother of Moses, Aaron, established a priesthood. They build the tabernacle, a large tent, it became the center for Jewish worship. In 1077 B.C. a member of the tribe of Judah, David, became King of the Israelites. He firmly established kingship and priesthood in the nation's capital of Jerusalem. Solomon, David's son, built a large temple in Jerusalem. The messiah would come from David's line. There were three prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, each warned of punishment from god. 2 Judaism under Roman rule   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jews were divided into factions. The Pharisees emphasized oral law. The Sadducees stressed the importance of the temple and priests. There was also the Essenes, the Zelots, and the Herodians. Jewish leaders were called rabbis. Rebellion broke out against the Romans in 70 C.E. Troops laid waste to the city and destroyed the temple. Jerusalem was declared of limits to Jews. The Sadducees were thus wiped out without the temple. 3 Judaism Emerges with a Greek garment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the 4th century B.C. the Jews had engulfed the Mediterranean sea. Alexander the great was welcomed into Jerusalem. The Greek and Jewish cultures mixed. As a result the Jewish religion spread even faster. They were able to expand all across the known world. Even scriptures began too be translated to greek. 4 Judaism and God's name   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jews Believe gods name is too holy to pronounce. Over the last 2000 years the name has been lost. The name of God is Yahweh. In Latin he is called Jehovah. The Jews put much importance to God's name. For a period of time it was illegal to speak gods name.

Capital Punishment: The Best Solution Essay -- Capital Punishment, Dea

It is the the duty of the government to provide security for all individuals. Therefore, it is only a necessity, but also an obligation to get rid of those who impose threat or harm to any individual. Capital punishment is not always the most appropriate solution, but given the circumstances, it may be the most effective way to deal with criminals who threaten society. First of all, capital punishment would reduce taxes and makes prisons a much more effective place to hold criminals. This causes life imprisonment to become practically obsolete and prisons will be capable of functioning as a rehabilitation center. (the purpose of prison is to separate the criminals from the general population and to rehabilitate prisoners.) By implementing capital punishment, taxes would go down because there will be less prisoners to pay for. Also, capital punishment would get rid of â€Å"life imprisonment† (those who have committed a crime serious enough to get sentenced for life will be executed) and this is very important because recently, prisons have started to become a home for prisoners ins...

Harvey Norman Holdings Limited Essay

Introduction: Terms of Reference:This Report is designed to demonstrate the students understanding of IMC. The report was prepared for Mr. Paul Morrissey, Lecturer of Integrated Marketing Communications. Background:The purpose of this report is to help the student get a understanding of hold different marketing techniques are used in everyday situations through different forms of advertising campaigns. The purpose of this is to reinforce the knowledge the student has acquired in class. The company that will be subject of this report is Harvey Norman Holdings Limited. Objectives:To provide and overall situation analysis of the company. To research the company’s advertising campaign and determine who the target  market are. Analyse the key form of marketing communication used and the company’s Unique Selling Point (USP). To analyse the media planning used for the campaign.To provide a detailed overall evaluation of the marketing campaign.Methodology:The information used in this report was found through the use of secondary research in the form of internet based searching. Findings:Overview of Harvey Norman Holdings Limited:Harvey Norman is an Australian company and is a worldwide retailer of furniture, bedding, electrical, and computer. It has been in operation since 1961 when founders Gerry Harvey and Ian Norman set up the business. Harvey Norman has almost 300 stores worldwide. CITATION Har12 l 6153 (harveynorman.ie, 2012)Situational Analysis:Porter’s Five Forces:This model helps illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of an industry through five factors that are as follows: Competition in the market Potential new Entrants Power of suppliers Power of customers Threat of substitute products CITATION Inv12 l 6153 (Investopedia.com, 2012)Competition in the Market: There is large competition in this industry as it is an industry that has been around for a relatively long time. Therefore more companys such as Currys, Ikea, and D.I.D electrical, also compete in this market. Potential New Entrants There is a low threat from potential new competition as there are substantial barriers to entry in this industry. These barriers include: 1. High Capital Requirements: for this industry a new company would be required to stock a large volume of a large range of relatively expensive products as well as a large store to hold it all and large amount of staff and distribution costs. 2. Brand Loyalty because Harvey Norman has worldwide recognition and a strong brand awareness customers would be more inclined to stick with what they know already ie Harvey Norman products. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: For Harvey Norman there is a large range of suppliers for all the types of  products the company sells. Because there is such a large volume of suppliers in this industry ,the suppliers Harvey Norman uses have little to no bargaining power against Harvey Norman as they could just switch to another supplier and so the supplier would lose out on the high volume bulk buying that Harvey Norman would be using. Bargaining Power of Customers: Because Harvey Norman deals in such a large variety of products, from Furniture to computers, it attracts a large volume of customers for each of these product categories. This gives them a large base of customers to start with. Also the fact that Harvey Norman sells alot of recognised brands customers are inclined to purchase what they know. But due to the high competition from other similar businesses, such as Ikea, the customers have a decent amount of bargaining power as they may chose to take their business elsewhere. Threat of Substitute Products: There is very little threat from substitute products to Harvey Norman as a whole due to the large variety of products stocked and the types of products stocked. CITATION wik12 l 6153 (wikiwealth.com, 2012)

Policing Domestic Violence Essay

Domestic violence can be considered to be an act of violence which has been observed to occur in every socio-economic class as well as within all cultures. Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of coercive control that one individual intermittently exerts over another by means of spiritual, emotional, sexual, physical or economic abuse (http://www. dvvap. org/i). This form of exploitation has victimized mostly the women and children and men in much fewer cases and it continues to be perpetrated all over the world. In some regions or nations of the world, domestic violence has become a daily occurrence. Domestic violence leads to very drastic effects on the family, especially if perpetrated on both women and children. When this form of violence is done through physical harm, it results to injury, disability or even death in victims. Mental problems that may also occur usually make the victims feel unloved, lonely and have low self-esteem. Depression occurs in many victims of psychological abuse, which in turn may cause severe isolation of the victims from family and friends. Sexual violence and incest are other forms of domestic violence. In some regions of the world, domestic violence causes continue to rise due to patriarchal, cultural and religious traditions, (Human Rights Watch, 2005. , pp 12). All over the world, different governments handle domestic violence in many ways due to differing views on violence Different proposals have been presented to encourage the governments to have certain views on this form of violence. According to Lisa, domestic violence should be treated as a political and public problem. It should also be viewed as a breach of the human rights. It is a violation of human rights which every individual is entitled to. Those who perpetrate actions of violence against the others should be stopped, (Lisa, H. 78-79). Policing domestic violence refers to a scientifically developed application that aims at solving the domestic violence problem. In the past, it has involved testing of hypothesis in relation to the classification, prediction and the domestic violence prevention. Policing domestic violence policing as a tool of solving domestic violence also experiences several challenges as a crime prevention strategy (Hoctor, M. 53). In order to identify more effective policing strategies for domestic violence prevention and control, a culture of science is very necessary where the strategy integrates trial and error as a norm in crime prevention. The domestic violence policing programs aim at offering support to victims of domestic violence while at the same time preventing domestic violence. However, the public has raised concern about the domestic violence public policy. Lawrence et al states that in the past, the public has been concerned about the domestic violence policy. This is because it is sometimes based on ideology and it lacks evidence based on science. The public advocates for an effective domestic violence policing which should be practical and also be implemented appropriately. This would be a very good measure in preventing domestic violence (Lawrence S. et al, 24). In the last decade, police response to domestic violence has been criticized with a claim that the police did not take violence incidents seriously. However, effective measures to curb domestic violence are being developed and implemented through better policing. In this paper, the domestic violence policing issue will be discussed. The ethical stance of domestic violence in policing will be looked at, as well as the police departments’ responsibility of policing. The past system and current issues arising due to violence will be evaluated. Discussion For effective policing in domestic violence, a cultural evolution in policing needs to be developed in order to support the scientific revolution in order to solve the domestic violence problem. The cultural evolution rapid movement requires a growing partnership between the police and criminologists, public health community officers and professional scientists. Coherence of approach by the different police units to domestic violence is promoted by policy statements or documents where the Police officers introduce the policy documents with varying extent and content. With the increasing reports of domestic violence to the police, the police service has been required to utilize their limited resources to improve domestic violence service delivery to the people. Domestic violence is a great concern for the community where the police intervene in many cases. Whenever the police receive an initial call for assistance, it is their responsibility to provide immediate protection to the victim due to the fact that the police have certain powers which allow them to respond to domestic violence incidents. Whether the victims feel confident in contacting the police departments later in future will depend on how the police perform their tasks when the victim makes the initial contact (Lawrence, S. 126). The police have a major role in arresting criminals or offenders with the perpetrators of domestic violence considered as criminals because they undermine the human rights of the victims. The suspects are usually arrested and charged if there is enough evidence of violence against the victim. However, law enforcement officers should ensure that the suspect’s rights are not violated until the truth is established much later as one of the requirement in the police departmental policy. The police forces have domestic violence policy documents which contain written aims and priorities that are expected to assist them either solve, prevent or reduce domestic violence incidents. The policy documents normally contain the domestic violence definition, its implications, as well as guidance about the various police response components. The responsibility to implement domestic violence policies is something that is shared across a range of the police roles. The policies are very vital in protecting domestic violence victims against actions of exploitation such as domestic violence involving withholding of economic resources from a victim. Some children are even denied education through this form of abuse, as well partners who do not work. This denies the victims their basic needs, which is considered unethical and unacceptable. Domestic violence policing prevents this form of exploitation and instead promotes ethical practices in the society. Through policing, public safety problems are defined, analyzed and effective solutions to the problems addressed. Though the society is responsible for propagating ethics, it sometimes undermines the ethics if it allows domestic violence to occur without taking any action. For instance, in patriarchal societies, men are sometimes allowed to completely dominate over women. This had led to lack of knowledge and empowerment in women to speak out against violence, whereby the victims lack the ability to express their views and opinions with those who do not adhere to this being severely punished through domestic violence. Domestic violence policies have been developed to address such cultural practices with the police ensuring that law enforcement in relation to such policies is carried out. The police department should have the responsibility of policing domestic violence in the community because they are law enforcers who are responsible for ensuring law and order is maintained in the society and the human rights are well protected. Preventing and reducing domestic violence is one of the ways in which the human rights of everyone in the community are protected. For instance in Australia, police powers and procedures are well set out in the Crimes Act 1990(Policing Domestic Violence in New South Wales NSW, 1999). In addition, the police powers can be found in the police guidelines, referred to as Domestic Violence Standard Operating Procedures. Another example can be seen in the US, where the police department has adopted mandatory arrest policy for domestic violence cases. For spousal violence cases, arrest based on probable cause could be done where the Police officers were allowed to arrest suspects without a warrant as long as the officers had probable cause whether he/she had witnessed the incident or not. This was happening in 23 states of the United States of America by the year 2005 (Hoctor, M. 007) Another reason why the police should participate in domestic violence policing is that, the legislation that protects people from domestic violence in most cases directs the police to intervene in protecting the victims of domestic violence. The police have the power to exercise arrest of criminals or offenders when need be. In policing domestic violence, domestic violence incidents should be stopped as soon as possible making the arrest of offenders by the police an effective means of stopping domestic abuse. This therefore makes it their vital responsibility in policing domestic violence with the responsibility aiming at stopping the conflict, as well as protecting and ensuring the immediate safety for the victims. As law enforcers, the police have a responsibility to ensure criminals are charged in court which mitigates future abuse. The police department receives reports on domestic violence from the community members and then investigates the cases to establish the cause of the abuse, the effects and the victim or offender. After establishing the facts about a case, offenders are charged in court. For instance policies allow police officers to apply for an apprehended violence order (AVO), which guides the judicial process (Lawrence, S. 101). Good police service initiatives in the police departments that enhance awareness in people about violence and service delivery show that they should have a good responsibility in domestic violence policing. The police departments in many nations have instituted the initiatives as a result of their recognition that a high percentage of people in our community are now aware that domestic violence is a crime. These initiatives include, public awareness through advertising campaigns, placement of domestic violence liaison officers (DVLO), specialized training for officers, working with the Attorney General and the development of COPS (Computerized Operational Policing system) to produce statistics relevant to the development of effective domestic violence prevention measures. The initiatives are a good indication of how effective the police department can be in domestic violence policing. The domestic violence issue has attracted widespread public concern, in the past and also in the current world. However, the past system differs with the current system in relation to how policing in domestic violence was/is handled. In the past, the number of domestic violence cases that were reported was fewer than the current number of the cases reported to the police. The continued increase of the reported cases in turn has necessitated the development of measures that will curb the violence effectively. This has led to the development of new measures/policies to address this problem. However, in the past, this problem was not handled with much seriousness as it is now which made the past system less effective in domestic violence policing. Cultural beliefs and practices in the past contributed to continued domestic abuse, because the victims were sometimes convinced that they deserved to be abused. Different societies have changed their beliefs towards domestic violence over time with people become more aware of domestic violence as a crime currently, which has greatly assisted in effective domestic violence policing. People are more willing to speak out about this issue in the modern world as compared to the past years. Modern police service initiatives have enhanced better domestic violence policing as compared to the past system of policing. For instance placement of domestic violence liaison officers (DVLO) in the local areas as a modern initiative has made it easy for people to report violence cases. In addition, offenders are easily apprehended and charged for their offences. In the past, lack of awareness in some victims and the community as a whole in policing encouraged continued abuse because the offender had no action taken against them. Current systems have developed specialized training for officers, which involves training of officers in response to domestic violence and other issues that surround domestic violence. On the other hand, the past systems did not have such training programs. The standard operating procedures (SOP) launching together with the development of computerized operational policing system (COPS) have been very instrumental in adoption of effective domestic violence policing measures in the modern systems (Policing Domestic Violence in New South Wales NSW,1999). The domestic violence policing have also experienced several problems. The policing may lack inadequate support which may in turn undermine how effective the policing can be in solving domestic violence. The police officers who handle domestic violence cases have been accused of not providing the involved parties with enough information and sometimes they have an inappropriate attitude towards the victims. In addition, they have shown unsympathetic, rude and indifferent behavior towards the victims. Nevertheless, solutions to these problems have been integrated in domestic violence policing programs to ensure domestic violence is prevented. Though domestic violence prevention measures were present in the past, current measures have been developed to improve on the past strategies

Leadership Essay

Values of great leaders can be found in various types of people. People who are of different ethnicities and are from different points of the world have shown to have unusual characteristics of leadership. There were many different approaches developed in studying leadership, one being the trait approach. The trait approach is based on the presumption that leaders are not developed into the leadership role but born with the characteristics of leadership that permits them to be great leaders. It has been discovered that there are strengths and also weaknesses within the trait approach relating to studying leadership. Strengths From a trait approach, there are many strong characteristics in leadership. A big role of a leader’s success is their personality. Their personality allows them to be effective when interacting with other people. Sometimes it takes a leader’s personality to set or change the tone in a work place, helping to create a positive mood and encouraging an environment of motivation to succeed and goal achievement. High energy, optimistic, a strong motivator, the ability to communicate and constancy are signature abilities that are believed to be recognized in the trait approach which aids a leader to be successful driven and adaptable (American Library Association , 1997-2013) Although this trait has been known to be very valuable in a successful leader it is has also been said that, â€Å"this massive research effort failed to find any traits that would guarantee leadership success. (Gary Yukl, page 13, 2010)† Weaknesses Although a personality has the ability to be effective it also has the ability to be  ineffective as well. A leader’s personality can be felt as being too strong and overwhelming at times causing some resistance and rebelling to take place with the followers. Many employees function on different learning levels in the workplace. If a supervisor leads with a sense of expectancy, his expectations may be seen as little high by the employees which in turn may damage the positive work environment. Also a supervisor’s personality can be taken as negative one if they do not take the employees’ feelings into consideration. To believe that a great supervisor is born with the leadership traits means that, as a company, the employees cannot be developed or effective in the workplace. When a company refrains from filling management positions from the inside of the company, employees can began to believe that they are in a glass ceiling environment. Creating future leaders within the company has been proven to build the morale of the employees. Conclusion Many abilities that identify great leaders have been found through the trait approach. Although these abilities are good, leadership is not limited by them. It has been exemplified through President Obama that in life, being a leader can be learned. President Obama was not born a leader, but through education and leadership experiences, he now has the ultimate leadership position in this country. Knowing this to be true, other approaches to studying leadership were developed such as the situational approach, the integrative approach, the behavior approach, and the power-influence approach.

Biome Shifting

Global warming is a mostly natural process that has been going on for as long as Earth has existed. Global warming has many effects on the Earth such as rise in sea level, overall increased rise in the temperature of Earth, and even bizarre weather. However, the topic I will discuss today is how global warming causes climate changes and how this climate change affects our environment and our economic systems.Climate change occurs worldwide due to the growth of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere which then traps more heat coming from the sun than it would without these gases. This makes the Earth milder which then causes change in climates over the globe to change their patterns. Bimbo shifting is one main consequence of climate change and global warming. This has a broad economic impact as it alters our infrastructure and sources of goods.However, it also poses large amounts of environmental threat as there is becoming less biodiversity and habitats are shifting. This bimbo shifting affects our infrastructure in that many of the buildings we eave built up to today haven't been built to endure such a wide range of temperatures and as these bizarre temperatures continue to shift back and forth our infrastructure is deteriorating much faster than it would in stable weather. Considering this, the maintenance of these building will require much more funding as it will have to be done more often.This could cause economic problems as it could increase the need for higher taxes to do required maintenance on governmental buildings and public schools which reduces the amount of money being able to be circulating through everyday businesses. Bimbo shifting also affects the sources of many of our goods. On Canada's west coast there is a species of salmon that is increasingly economically valuable. However, this species is beginning to have reduced survival rates causing decreased population density and a decrease in the amount of fish being able to be sold as goods.This hi ts the economy as the fish were needed to provide food or work for many people in Canada. The climate change also affects some of the forests worldwide. In Alaska, a spruce beetle population has been able to grow dramatically over 20 years due to warmer weather. This then caused over 4 million acres of spruce trees in Alaska to be destroyed by the increased population of beetles. This shows how the climate change can destroy what could be used a resources in the future.With bimbo shifting causing increased temperatures in places that normally would be cooler, some species are having to slowly shift where they find their habitats. For example the long-spines sea urchin was previously only found as far south as southern New South Wales in Australia, but now, due to increasingly warm waters and changes in currents, these sea urchins have moved farther south. They have decimated kelp forests in this region causing the ecosystem to slowly deteriorate as it becomes more and more unbalance d.Climate change is expected to threaten one quarter or more of all species on land by 2050 passing even habitat loss as the biggest threat to life on land. Bimbo shifting is a huge problem for many species as they have evolved to live within certain areas under certain conditions and as these conditions change quickly, some species are unable to adapt quickly enough to survive. When one species food source can no longer survive, that species then is heartened as it must find another food source or it will not survive either.This then causes less biodiversity as species become threatened and eventually extinct. To address this worldwide problem of bimbo shifting, scientists are trying to decrease the amount of greenhouse gases that enter our ecosystem. They are collecting emissions data and trying to get the government to impose new laws and limits considering consumption of fossil fuels. Scientists are working with engineers to create new engines for cars that reduce the amount of fossil fuels required to power them or even eliminate the need for fossil fuels altogether.Solar panels and wind turbines are also being designed to harness energy from renewable sources instead of burning fossil fuels. The U. S. Has also steered away from using coal and has begun using natural gas to power the nation. This switch has significantly reduced carbon emissions over the past decade. Though many people probably think that the effects of global warming only go as far as environmental changes, there is really a ripple effect created by these changes that branches out and causes more and more problems. Global warming is directly related to environmental, social, political, and even more aspects of the world.All of the consequences prove how we, as people who rely on the Earth to survive, need to take better care of our home.

A report which describes a business scenario which will benefit from Essay

A report which describes a business scenario which will benefit from investment in the web - Essay Example The application of eCommerce facilitates a business for collection of data, analysing customer base and nature of industry, electronic fund transfer, supply chain and inventory management, online transactions as well as sales and marketing activities very swiftly. The system also allows consumers from any corner of the global village to derive benefits arising out of the products and services introduced by the company applying eCommerce in its business. In this paper, application of eCommerce will be incorporated to a real business in order to monitor how the business can be benefitted from increasing utilization of internet based, web-facing information technology system. For the purpose of analysis, a hypothetical company â€Å"XL Learning Solutions† has been selected for evaluating how the company’s business standards transform through application of web, more specifically eCommerce in its business process. XL Learning Solutions is a famous tutorial and private educational institution situated at Southampton, United Kingdom. The tutorial is run by a group of 5 eminent professors of the city and is well known for its application oriented learning approaches. Apart from dealing with educational curriculum, it also strives to enhance behavioural skills and personality development lessons in order to ensure overall development of the students. Basic technical skills such as application MS Office and other relevant software are also trained in order to enable the students to have a fundamental idea on computer applications so that the students’ foundation of knowledge can be strengthened. The tutorial is so popular in the city that its wide ranged student base has been generated only through referral system, without any promotional activities or any other efforts from the management of the organization. However, the management is noticing since long that many students from other part s of the country are longing to take services provided by

Investigating the environemtal impacts from plastic bags Research Paper

Investigating the environemtal impacts from plastic bags - Research Paper Example The Case Against Plastic Bags The manufacturing process requires 12 million barrels of oil per year, creating over 100 billion plastic shopping bags (Gamerman). With only about a 5% recycling rate (inspiration green), the landfills will overflow with bags that are not recycled or reused. A number of wildlife groups report discarded plastic bags are eaten by a variety of land and sea creatures with fatal effects. These concerns and other create the larger argument for environmental stewardship: The Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968) and TANSTAAFL (Dolan, 1971). Both of these writings warn of the economic â€Å"free rider† problem that is the bane of environmental stewardship The free rider problem refers to the polluting or overuse of the natural resources since no tax or fee is associated with dumping. The tragedy of the commons is the overuse and overgrazing of the common land. Since each herdsman wanted to maximize profits, they exploited the free grazing land by adding m ore and more cattle. Soon, the grazing land was destroyed, unable to recover and nobody could feed their cattle. The herdsmen who believed in proper stewardship either went broke or joined the others in selfish overuse. Pollution and contamination work the same way. Traditionally, industry would dump waste into rivers, bury toxins on site and spew horrid smoke into the air because the water, land and air were considered a common good; and companies could dump waste at â€Å"no cost†. With the Environmental Protection Agency and State environmental departments cracking down on polluters with fines and criminal penalties, this practice has abated, but does continue to a lesser extent. The neo-tragedy argument includes recycling and the after-effects of environmentally resilient products. TANSTAAFL (Dolan) originated in science fiction by Heinlein; the acronym means â€Å"there ain’t no such thing as a free lunch†. Dolan adopted the acronym in order to present his economic argument that pollution rights should be sold as an economic good. A calculation of the maximum mass of each pollutant potentially and immediately sorbed into the environment would lead to an inventory of polluting rights. These rights would be sold at auction to industries with a waste disposal problem. Other constituents would have to design non-polluting mechanisms to compete. Obviously, the cost of pollution would be set by the market. (Dolan) The money raised through the auction plus fines on pollution cheaters would pay for remediation. The plastic bag opponents take this argument one step further and assign responsibility for individual litter and recycling to the manufacturer. As much as 4% of trash in landfills consists of plastic bags. (DOE) As consumers use more and more plastic bags, even to contain trash, the landfills will take longer to naturally reclaim the natural resource of land. In an interesting study, small communal group, the Hutterites, were observed . (Hardin, 3) The finding was that when the colony size approaches 150, individuals begin to under-contribute and over-demand. Smaller groups manage by shame; however, larger groups lose that capacity. The commonistic approach of the Hutterites loses manageability in larger

The paper assignment will involve revising the first paper and Essay

The paper assignment will involve revising the first paper and integrating the visual aspects of the work i have chose in the Museum with information about the culture from which the work originally came - Essay Example In both cultures, the art of sarcophagi was used for burial. In Roman, it was made from lead, stone or wood. Marble was used for lavish sarcophagus. The practice of sarcophagi was acquired by Romans in the second century from Etruscans and Greeks who had long been using it. This document has been split in different parts including history of roman sarcophagi, significance of various events, and artistic work on the sarcophagus so as to achieve the purpose of this document. A Roman sarcophagus was not developed until the commencement of the second century A.D. Sarcophagi was used in occasions of funeral. They were named according to the prominent figures deceased. Some of the renowned sarcophagi include the Adonis’s sarcophagus, Endymion’s sarcophagus, among others. Adonis’s sarcophagus was inspired by the Adonis’s tale. There are numerous literatures on the Adonis’s tale. According to UC E-Book Collection (2011), most of this briefing of the tale comprises the Ovid’s work of Metamorphoses. The tale is about the prohibited act of the father, King Cinyras, unknowingly slept with his daughter, Myrrha. Myrrha was obsessed with her father to the extent of tricking him into drunkenness and under cover of darkness, had him sleep with her. In need of knowing his partner, he lighted his bed to discover it was her blood daughter. Enraged with no other option, he chased her from the palace (UC E-Book Collection, 2011). She pleaded with gods to take her from both life and death. Her wish was granted and she transformed into a myrrh tree. The inevitable consequence of the illicit act, led to the birth of the son Adonis from this tree. It produced the goddess Aphrodite, adores Adonis and allowed him in heaven and made him her companion. Even Persephone- the other angle- succumbed to his charm and consequently was intervened by the Jupiter by invoking the law of annual cycle where the Adonis oscillated between upper and lower realms and each

Future of Comuper Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Future of Comuper Networking - Essay Example Although the current version of IP has worked well for many years, exponential growth of the Internet means that the 32-bit address space will be exhausted within 20 years. The IETF has designed a new version of IP that uses 128 bits to represent each address. The new address space is so large that it will not be exhausted for many decades to come. To distinguish the new version of IP from the current version, the two protocols are named using their version number. The current version of IP is IPv4 and the new expected version is IPv6. IPv6 retains many of the concepts from IPv4, but changes all the details. For example like IPv4, IPv6 provides a connectionless service in which two computers exchange short messages called datagrams. However, unlike an IPv4 datagram in which the header contains fields for each function, IPv6 defines separate headers for each function. Each IPv6 datagram consists of a base header followed by zero or more extension headers, followed by data. Like IPv4, IPv6 defines an address for each network connection. Thus, as in IPv4, a computer that connects to multiple physical networks (e.g., a router) has multiple addresses. However special addresses are completely changed in IPv6. Instead of IPv4's notion of network broadcast, IPv6 defines multicast and anycast (cluster) addresses, both of which correspond to a set of computers. A multicast address corresponds to a set of computers at multiple sites that are treated as single entity; each computer in that set will receive a copy of any datagram sent to the set. A cluster permits replication of services; a datagram sent to a cluster address will be delivered to exactly one member of the cluster. To make IPv6 addresses easier for people to use, the designers propose using colon hexadecimal notation, which expresses groups of 16 bits in hexadecimal, with a colon separating groups. The resulting notation is more compact than the dotted decimal form used in IPv4. Today about 6 billion people inhabit the earth. They own an estimated 350 million computers and 480 million mobile phones. The number of mobile phones and PDAs is expected to reach one billion by 2003. The reason we are quickly moving beyond the capabilities of the current protocol has a lot to do with the propagation of wireless devices and new services, as well as the subsequent of massive demand for more addressees. The very concept of computers is changing rapidly as cars, vending machines and even house hold applications follow the lead of the PC and become connected to the Internet. Each one will require its own unique address. It is estimated that within seven to ten years a single user will manage an average of 10 addresses and this number could grow higher in future. Wireless gambling, music on demand, video content and video conferencing are becoming a reality. With IPv6 every person on earth could have a million uniquely addressees and the individually locatable IP devices. With this kind of capability we could create the potential for virtually unlimited access to the Internet for variety of devises. (Techiwarehouse) Some of the benefits of IPv6 seem obvious: greater addressing space, built-in QoS, and better routing performance and services. However, a number of barriers

Latin american countries economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Latin american countries economy - Essay Example The authors argue that the distributive conflicts are the major reason for Brazilian inflation. In their opinion, social groups such as unionized workers, rentiers and monopoly capitalists have monopoly power and can determine the prices of their goods or services strategically. When some of these groups use their market power to increase their share of national income, other groups also react with the same weapons and subsequently conflict inflation may arises. Another reason mentioned in the article for Brazilian inflation is the monetary crisis. The deterioration of Brazilian currency is related to the problems in the supply of money. The authors refereed this type of inflation as the extra money inflation. In their opinion, extra money can be created both privately and by the public sector. They argued that extra money increases the nominal national income. If extra money increases demand in those sectors which are operating in full strength, prices will increase if imports of are inadequate. Thus extra money produces inflation. In short, the authors believe that high inflation, high interest rates, balance of payment vulnerability and the government’s inability to maintain low inflation rates and exchange rate stability are the major obstacles in front of Brazil in attaining proper economic growth. The author of this article argues that Colombian economic growth is directly related to the armed conflicts existing in that country. Coffee is one of the major revenue sources for Colombia; however, coffee prices dipped a lot in the recent past which affected Colombian economy drastically. Economic decline brought poverty and unemployment in Columbia for the past few decades. The author argues that pathetic living conditions made Colombian soil fe3rtile for antisocial activities like armed violence. Colombian administration is not getting enough time to concentrate more on the problems in