William Penn Essay Example For Students

William Penn Essay Augustus CaesarIn ancient history there have been many great leaders who have come to the forefront to save the Roman Empire from destruction and demise. The leaders and heroes of the Roman Empire are countless, but one leader stands out from all the rest. Augustus Caesars contributions to Roman history helped make Rome the dominant empire we study and remember today. (Octavian) Augustus Caesar is without a doubt the greatest political leader in the history of the Roman Empire. As a young adolescent, Octavian demonstrated his leadership ability long before having thoughts of becoming the first emperor of Rome. Octavians strengths, feats, and accomplishments as a military leader show just a portion of his great political skills he pocessed. After the murder of Octavians great uncle, Julius Caesar, in 44 BC; Octavian along with Mark Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate. The three men lead their armies into Rome. The Roman Assembly granted the Second Triumvirate full power for five years. With full backing of the Roman Assembly, Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus raged a bloody campaign against all those who opposed them. As a reward for outstanding service to the Second Triumvirate, the land won from conquered victims was distributed amongst deserving soldiers. Octavian and his two companions put a temporary end to the civil war of the Roman Empire in 42 BC. The Triumvirs, at Philippi in Macedonia, defeated the republicans led by Brutus and Cassius. T hey divided the empire between themselves. Antony remained in the wealthy East, Lepidus got control of Gaul and Spain, and Octavian received Italy. This was not the most generous of gift for young Octavian. He had the difficult task of settling the veterans of Italy. This involved redistributing land and forcibly expelling any of the previous landowners. In time, Octavian forced Lepidus into retirement and won control of all western provinces.(Chodorow 90) By 32 BC, Italy and the western provinces swore an oath of allegiance to Octavian. Octavian could than concentrate his efforts on moving against Antony, for total control of the Roman Empire. The Battle of Actium in 31 BC was arguably one of the most important naval battles in the history of the Roman Empire. Upon defeat by Octavian at this furiuos naval battle, Antony flees to Egypt with his lover Cleopatra. The following year in Egypt, Octavian and his army again defeat Antony. Conesquently, Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide. With the victory at the Battle of Actium, Octavian was now sole ruler of Rome and all its provinces. We will write a custom essay on William Penn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Upon the defeat and death of Antony, Octavian proclaimed the restoration of the Republic of Rome. However, he had no intention of stepping down as ruler. In 27 BC, with more of theatrical gesture than sincerity, Octavian placed the republic at the disposal of the Senate and the Roman people. The Senate thereupon, realizing by past experience its own helplessness and knowing that it did not possess the organization for ruling the great Roman world successfully, gave him Octavian officially the command of the army and the control of the most important frontier provinces. Besides these vast powers he held also the important rights of a tribune.(Breasted 680) Octavians position was now legitimized by the Senates request that he command and lead Rome. He was given the military command, known as Imperium for ten years. This office included the administration of Roman provinces that required the presence of the army. The official name of Octavian became Imperator Caesar Augustus From that t ime would be known as Augustus, which means the Exalted. Augustus received the tribuncian power for life and assumed the role of protector of the Roman people. He also received the right to intervene in those provinces administered by the Senate. The backbone of Augustus power came from being Imperium of the military. The major portion of the army was not, however, kept in Italy, where rebellious generals might intrigue with the Senate and rise in sudden revolt. Instead, the Roman legions (twenty-eight of them, of six thousand men each, plus enough auxiliary forces to bring the total to about four hundred thousand men) were stationed at the other boundaries of the realm in just those places where there might be trouble with the barbaric tribes beyond the border.(Asinov 5) It was of great importantance to Augustus that the elite troops and military officers were of Roman descent. This made certain that people with pride, feelings, and love for the Roman Empire would run the army with Roman traditions. .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 , .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 .postImageUrl , .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 , .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127:hover , .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127:visited , .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127:active { border:0!important; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127:active , .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127 .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20b42e3506557de21fa07ca2328ce127:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who is most responsible for the death of Eva Smith? EssayWith all great political leaders, there must be some affection shown for the arts and for education. Augustus understood the importance of ideology and propaganda. He sponsored and encouraged the leading writers and artists of his time. The historian Livy, and the poets Vergil and Horace were of importance to Augustus. Their works glorified Romes past and the greatness of Augustus achievements. This time of restoration is frequently referred to as The Golden Age of Latin Literature. Latin literature achieved its highest level of excellence with the help of Augustus promoting of higher learning and his patronizing of the arts. The term Augustan Age, used to describe periods of great literary achievement in modern nations, shows that Augustus had a profound impact on the worlds history of learning. Augustus filled his house at Capri with huge fossilized remains of sea and land monsters, which people call Giants Bones or Heroes Weapons. What Augustus did with them, nobody knows. Of course, he was an emperor, and so could be only an amateur scientist: he was too busy to spend a lot of time on his hobbies.(Nichols 8) Augustus known the importance of learning and continuing to learn new knowledge. In an effort to bring back the moral standards of the past, Augustus established a code of laws and social programs. The laws passed restored the family unit, which gave total power of the family to the head male. These laws included such things as: Encouraging marriage and child bearing with penalties going to people not married by the age of thirty. Adultery was strictly forbidden. Married men were heavil y fined and taxed for not having children and tax breaks were given to people with three or more children. Augustus laws also gave the male head of household the right to decide who the children would marry, where they would live, and what profession and economic goals they would pursue. Augustus also re-established the priest hoods of Rome. He revived old religious customs and attempted to restore the old stern morality. When the elder incumbent died, Augustus assumed the role of Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest). He also asserted his power as Pontifex Maximus to prohibit the Roman people from participating in mystery cults. The organizational skills of Augustus were impeccable. This is evident by the conducting of a census at around the time of the birth of Jesus Christ. With his organizational ability and Augustus introduced laws that emphasized hard work, traditional family values, and loyalty to the Roman government. Augustus laws proved to be a success. Part of Augustus success came from his ability to relate to the people of Rome. It always helps a politician to be able to relate to the people. And that strength made Augustus a politician. His young and energetic personality made it easy for the people of Rome to communicate with Augustus. Augustus dressed like common men of Rome. He would not dress in the costumes of the upper class. The extreme popularity of Augustus is evident with the people offering him Chancellorship for life. He turns down the title. People insisted that they worship him as a god. Once again he refuses, stating that he wants people to worship his ideas instead. The people who worship and spread the ideas of Augustus are referred to as the Augustilites. And in time, the month of Sextilis is renamed August in his honor. History remembers the greatness of Augustus in several ways. Although it seems unusual, it is worthy of mention that Augustus Caesar was one of the few emperors to die a natural death. Augustus entered a city of brick and stone and left a city of marble. He extended the boundaries of the empire and reorganized its administration. His reign starts a two hundred-year period of peace known as the Pax Romana. The political system he established endured essentially no change for three centuries. The modern world honors him with our calender by the naming of the eighth month after him. The only thing that saved the destruction of the Roman Empire was the emergence of a brilliant political leader, Octavian Augustus Caesar, first emperor of the Roman Empire. Thesis sentence: (Octavian) Augustus Caesar is without a doubt the greatest political leader in the history of the Roman Empire. .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 , .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 .postImageUrl , .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 , .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5:hover , .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5:visited , .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5:active { border:0!important; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5:active , .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5 .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c1e0f383b06272498930aa7d25c9cb5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Allergies EssayI. Octavian strengths, accomplishments, and feats as a military leader. A. Octavian joins forces with Mark Antony and Lepidus. 1. Three form Second Triumvirate in 44 B.C. 2.Three lead their army into Rome and Assembly grants them full power for five years. 3.Brutus and Cassius are hunted down in Macedonia where Brutusand Cassius are defeated and killed in the Battle of Philippi in 42 B.C. 4. Octavian, Anthony, and Lepidus divide the empire. B.Octavian forces Lepidus into retirement and gains control of all western empire. C. 32 B.C. Octavian moves against Antony. 1. 31 B.C. Octavian wins naval battle at Actium. a.. Battle of Actium puts end to civil warb.Win at Battle of Actium gives Octavian sole control of the RRoman Empire. D. Octavian proclaims restoration of empire in 27 B.C. 1. Proclamation is more theatrical than sincerity. 2. Senate begs Octavian to not abandon the empire. 3. Given military command for ten years. a.Named Imperator Caesar Augustus and referred as Augustus the Exalted. b. Imperium is the Supreme Military Command. E. Backbone of Augustus power is the army. 1.Army has twenty five legions of about six thousand men in eachlegion. 2.At least two hundred and fifty thousand men in army at all times. II. Education and the ArtsA. Golden Age of Latin Literature1. Octavian promotes learning. 2.Octavian patronizes the arts.B. Great writers flourish in Augustan Age. 1.Augustan Age is a term used to describe periods of great literacy achievement in modern nations. 2. Writers are Virgil, Horace, Livy, Ovio flourish. III. Helping The Restoration of Rome through Code of Laws and Social Programs. A. Passed laws to restore family unit. 1. Encouraged marriage and child bearing. 2. Penalties to people not married by the age of thirty. 3.Adultery is absolutely forbidden. 4.Married men are heavily fined and taxed for not having children. 5. Tax breaks are granted for people with three or more children. B. Reestablishes the priest hoods. 1.When elder incumbent dies Augustus assumes the role ofPontifex Maximus (Highest Priest). 2. Prohibits participation of Roman people in mystery cults. C. Augustus brings back morals of Rome. D. Augustus has great organizational skills and conducts a census. E.Augustus laws give total power of family unit to male head of the family. 1.Male head of family decides who the sons and daughters will marry. 2. Male head of family decides where sons and daughters will live. 3. Male head of family decides what profession and what economic goals his children will pursue. 4. Male head of family owns all families land. F.Augustus new code of laws emphasize hard work, loyalty to the Roman government and traditional family values. IV. Augustus Caesars Relates to the People of RomeA. Augustus is young and very energetic. B.Augustus dresses like common men of Rome and not in costumes of the upper class. C. Extremely popular with the people of Rome. 1.Augustus Caesar is offered Chancellorship for life, but he turns title down. 2.People want to worship Augustus as a god. a. Augustus wants people to worship his ideas instead. b.Followers of Augustus are called Augustilites and tell of his ideals. 3.Month of Sextilis is renamed August in honor of Augustus. V. History Remembers Greatness AugustusA. Augustus saves Rome from destruction. 1. Entered a city of brick and left a city of marble. 2.Sets the stage of Pax Roman Period (two hundred years of Roman peace). B. One of few Roman emperors to die a natural death. C.Honored on modern calendar with month of August named in his honor. D. Title as the Roman Empires first emperor. Category: History

Trail Of Tears essays

Trail Of Tears essays A hundred and fifty years after the Cherokee were forced from the southern Appalachians to Oklahoma; one man of Cherokee descent revisited the old capital of New Echota. He wrote My whole body chills as I face once again the fact that an entire nation was moved to another part of the country like wild horses to the dog food company. The Cherokee Indians were not the only native Americans to be forced west of the Mississippi by the removal act. (Lang 22) tribes from Florida to the Great Lakes were also moved. (Khun 13) You rarely hear of the other tribes because the suffering of the Cherokees seems to overshadow it all. In the early 1800s Cherokee life was fairly simple. They were a hard working group of people who often lived together in small communities. They were a spiritual and religious people who believed the were the principle people. (Khun 22) This belief was not shared by the white race who looked down upon them. The Cherokees interaction with the whites was limited to trading and it was apparent by the rotten meat and bitter whisky that whites offered that they did not feel the Cherokees were equal. (Lang 49) The treaty of New Echota was issued December 29th 1835 by congress. (Scott-Green 37) Fifteen of the eighteen thousand Cherokees opposed the treaty. (Lang 42) The three thousand who supported it were mix-bloods. (Lang 42) The reason behind the treaty had to do with the gold found on the Cherokee territory earlier that year. White men decided it would be best if the Cherokee moved. (Khun 16) Not all white men were for the treaty. A man by the name of John Ross helped fight the treaty. He helped the Cherokees trade fairly with the whites and bought their land for them in his name since they were unable to do so. (Lang 47) General James E. Wool was in charge of moving the Indians by the January 1839. (Khun 26) Wool however found the job to be ...

African History paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

African History paper - Essay Example This is to the effect that the Libyans and Carthaginians are some of the people who sent complimentary embassies to Alexander the Great in 325 BC, while he was in Babylon. The diplomatic relations were imposed upon the people of North Africa through instruments of coercion. Precisely, Alexander the Great had in 324 executed a ruthless punitive expedition in the hills of Luristan, against the Cossaeans. It is this incident that spread fear around North Africa and the rest of the Mediterranean region into capitulation (75). It is also important to note that during the Hellenistic period, after the demise of Alexander the Great, North African kingdoms such as Egypt and Libya became Hellenized, to the point of taking on the Greek culture and language. For this same reason, urban centers in North Africa became Greek-speaking, though the rural areas maintained native traditions. Specifically, in Egypt, Ptolemy I Soter created a strong Hellenistic state that stretched from Cyrene to Syria and South of Nubia. Economically, Alexandria, the then capital of Egypt served as the capital city and the center of Greek culture and commerce. To perpetuate themselves in Egypt, the Ptolemaic kings arrogated themselves the names of Pharaohs, married from elite families in Egypt and had themselves etched in Egyptian fabric and

Performance appraisal memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performance appraisal memo - Essay Example Most of the blenderized mixtures depend on fresh or frozen fruit, complemented with wheat grass, bee pollen, brewer’s yeast and ginseng that are optional boosters. Additionally, Jamba Juice Company also sells bread, gourmet soft pretzels and soups. During its tenure, the group was hard working and completed projects on time. In fact, it was the first group to deliver their proposal and this was because the group and its members were determined in meeting the deadlines they set. These accomplishments made the group build a Jamba Juice in the San Antonio Airport in time, efficiently and effectively. Still, there were some problems within the group that need some improvements. For instance, one of its members was not willing to work as a team. On the other hand, the individual was greedy, he wanted good grades for himself, and hence taking too much than he needed. To achieve more in their activities, the group member should be willing to work with others and also consider others in the activities involved. In the end, there was no cohesion between group members and the individual, therefore helping them to accomplish their projects. This led to the group’s successful completion in building a Jamba Juice Company in the San Antonio Airport (Perron & Dembecki,

Magic Bullet Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Magic Bullet Theory - Essay Example The paper will also assist in showing how the magic bullet theory suffers shortcomings after the assassination of President John Kennedy. According to the magic bullet theory, people in the society live an isolated lifestyle because of diverse origins, beliefs, and norms. Likewise, media messages act as symbolic bullets that strike their ears and brains resulting in certain effects on their behavior. The effect of media messages on the passive audience is powerful and direct. An example of this theory was demonstrated by Orson Wells when Mercury Theater Group after starting the broadcasting of â€Å"War of the Worlds†. About 12 million Americans heard the ‘one the eve of Halloween’ and a section of the population started believing that a dangerous alien invasion was underway. Such misleading news led to household hysteria and caused traffic jams. People also fled from their City houses to settle in rural areas and many groceries started limiting the food reserves. Accordingly, media practitioners have argued that the â€Å"War of Worlds† is an example of how propaganda can be utilized in the magic bullet theory to manipulate the emotions and beliefs of a gullible public (Gupta & Aggarwal, 2001). On the contrary, the magic bullet theory does not really work since no two individuals can react similarly to media misleading broadcasts. It can be said the pre-deposition, attitudes, prejudices, and moods of an individual influence his reaction towards misleading information from the media.... Research questions I. Can the mass media succeed in issuing misleading information? II. Does the magic bullet theory work? III. Does the media audience respond the propagandas passively? IV. What are the main shortcomings of the magic bullet theory? Literature review According to the magic bullet theory, people in the society live an isolated lifestyle because of diverse origins, beliefs and norms. Likewise, media messages act as symbolic bullets that strike their ears and brains resulting to certain effects on their behavior. The effect of media messages on the passive audience is powerful and direct. An example of this theory was demonstrated by Orson Wells when Mercury Theater Group after starting the broadcasting of â€Å"War of the Worlds†. About 12 million Americans heard the ‘one the eve of Halloween’ and a section of the population started believing that a dangerous alien invasion was underway. Such misleading news led to household hysteria, and caused tra ffic jams. People also fled from their City houses to settle in rural areas and many groceries started limiting the food reserves. Accordingly, media practitioners have argued that the â€Å"War of Worlds† is an example of how propaganda can be utilized in the magic bullet theory to manipulate the emotions and beliefs of a gullible public (Gupta & Aggarwal, 2001). On the contrary, the magic bullet theory does not really work since no two individuals can react similarly to media misleading broadcasts. It can be said the pre-depositions, attitudes, prejudices and moods of an individual influence his reaction towards misleading information from the media (Davis & Baron, 1981). Media propaganda is a communication message that is intended to

Civil Marriage In Lebanon Politics Essay

Civil Marriage In Lebanon Politics Essay Civil marriage has lately become a controversial issue in Lebanon. The media has been publicizing it quite intensively. It has even become a political issue debatable by most parties on both side of the political divide. The concept of civil marriage has gained much territory in this country and has already reached a point of no return. As such it can no longer be neglected or forgotten. Nowadays, civil marriage is legalised in most countries. It should, in fact, be encouraged here in Lebanon for several reasons. First, civil marriage is a right for believers and non-believers alike who wish not to marry in any or under the auspices of the religious institutions. In the absence of civil marriage, both believers and non-believers have only one choice: getting married in religious institutions. Civil marriage does not exclude religious ceremonies; it complements them, if so desired. The crux of the matter here is the right of choice. Lebanon does not offer that choice yet. MP Ghassan Mokheiber is one of the few politicians who support civil marriage in Lebanon, it should be one of the basic rights for the Lebanese people (Mahdawi, March 19, 2010). There is, nevertheless, a bright side to this issue. Despite the fact that the Lebanese people are deprived of this right on their own territory, they are, however, not deprived from their countrys recognition of their right to have their civil marriages carried out abroad. So, a couple who engaged in a civil marriage abroad is entitled to have their marriage fully recognized in Lebanon. Upon its return to Lebanon, the couples marriage is both legitimate and legal. Civil Marriage 3 Second, civil marriage is a blessing for men and women from different religious backgrounds who wish to enter into mixed marriage. In fact, it is the best refuge for secular arrangements. The progress of the secular culture has forced a regression of the religious option. This transfer of authority away from religious onto civil jurisdiction means that the power of regulating peoples live now lie in the hands of elected appointed civil officials. The clergy, stripped of its formal authority to regulate peoples civil lives, can no longer influence peoples choices in a secular state. In a country where civil marriage is practiced, the presence of a civil official simply validates the marital bonds of a bride and a groom away from religious conventional practices and authority. It is then a strictly civil affair. A clear illustration is when Rafik, a Druze, and Jeanette, a Catholic, decide to get married in Cyprus. Irrespective of their faiths, they can be joined in matrimony in a country where civil marriage is common practice. Rafik and Jeanette would have encountered several obstacles if they were got married in Lebanon. The first obstacle is that when one member of the couple is obliged to change to the religion of the other member; it seems as a conflict between religions. Given the society in Lebanon, most likely Jeanette will be the one to change. Furthermore, Druzes are not allowed to marry from another faith. Normally, people are born Druze. So, from a Lebanese religious stance, a Druze marrying a Christian would not be possible. Besides, Jeanettes family cannot allow for her to marry into a community other than Christian. Things can become even more complicated knowing that both Jeanette and Rafik are irreligious. Hence, the only solution for Jeanette and Rafik is to get married in Cyprus Civil Marriage 4 before a civil official leaving all their religious troubles as well as their religion-driven social taboos and customs behind them. Upon their return to Lebanon, the Lebanese authorities will legalize their civil marriage. Their married civilian status will then be clearly indicated on all their civilian extracts (No Civil Marriages in Lebanon). Third, civil marriage in Lebanon is a major step toward reinforcing interreligious dialogue. It helps build one Lebanese identity, which, in turn, will lead to a successful and healthy melting pot. One very important political decision consistent with this objective was taken as late as the mid 1990s. It was decreed that the religious denominations on identity cards be banned. This was the only successful of several failed attempts since the 1950s to legalize civil marriage in Lebanon (CopperWiki). Opponents, however, have always had the upper hand probably they were more vocal and more powerful. Their source of power could be either due to their formal position or to their leadership capabilities. One such attempt took place in 1998 when President Elias Hrawi was very close from introducing civil marriage into the Lebanese system. At that time, Prime Minister Rafik Hariri and some other ministers objected (Mahdawi, March 19, 2010). The reason why Hariri didnt accept to sign the bill was that Lebanon is not ready yet. Same as Hariri, and on the other end of the religious panorama, Lebanons Maronite Christian Patriarch, Cardinal Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, declared that civil marriage is not in the line with the teachings of the Church. He also added that Solidarity with Lebanons Muslim community is a need (Yeranian, May 6, 1998, p.7). These negative voices have appropriately sparked many bitter criticisms. How does he want to establish this solidarity if hes an opponent of civil marriage, in the time that civil marriage Civil Marriage 5 is almost the only solution to live that solidarity? In another trial in 2002, human rights activists re-shed the lights on civil marriage, but unfortunately, without any success (Ajami, August 3, 2007). Finally, the simplicity and the expediency of civil marriage are far more convenient than the traditional ones. One blessing is not to worry about any delays or religious constraints. The presence of a civil official or a judge to join the couple is the only requirement. It is a practical arrangement for couples-to-be. A civil wedding ceremony may be arranged much faster than that of a traditional wedding. Moreover, civil ceremonies tend to be a favorite option given  the budget-conscious couples.  In fact, thousands of singles go through the civil marriage never to regret it. For the Lebanese, Cyprus is Las Vegas. Not for gambling, but à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for marriage. While Las Vegas is the destination of choice for Americans looking to get married quickly, for the 400 Lebanese couples who travel to Cyprus every years seeking civil marriages, the decision is more calculated, (Luca, August 26, 2009). Besides, it is a most convenient half-an hour away refuge from Lebanon. In Cyprus, an average wedding costs less than $1,000; this sum represents 1% compared to the cost of a marriage that often reached thousands and thousands of dollars in Lebanon (Ajami, August 27, 2007). Civil marriage turns to be some kind of business where there are big financial profits. The famous slogan of Cyprus civil marriage is Just say I doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ well do the rest.   The rest costs between $1,200 and $1,900. (Luca, August 26, 2009). Civil Marriage 6 Civil Marriage is just one chapter under the much bigger umbrella of civil society reforms that Lebanon needs to undergo badly. Other related problems that need to be addressed with equal urgency and importance include gender equality, child custody and divorce, which are all very closely related. Together with civil marriage, as and when updated, they compose the base for civil society. The current society relies on a complicated mix of religion. The first step towards modernization of our society should be its deconfessionalization. Religious leaders should be told to restrict their role to spiritual business specifically. Once our society turns secular, then other social issues, including civil marriage, would be addressed much more effectively. It is clear now that all the good and valid causes and benefits are there for as an immediate implementation of civil marriage regulations as possible. There is quite a dichotomy in the present situation: Civil marriage isnt allow in Leban on; while it is recognized if perform elsewhere. To many Lebanese the solution is very simple and could satisfy both sides: make of civil marriage a choice for interested couple (Mattar Law). The key to this solution is politicians, taking a courageous decision to launch the appropriate and serious workshop toward the implementation of civil marriages in Lebanon. The quicker such a decision, the quicker the solution. But, will it ever occur? And if so, how soon? Civil Marriage 7

Effects Terrorism has on our Nation Essay example -- essays research p

Effects Terrorism has on our Nation Purpose: To inform readers of the effects the recent terrorist attacks have on society today. Audience: General Thesis: The terrorist attack on America has affected the economy, tourism and the foreign society tremendously. The Effects Terrorism has on Society From the lips of the FBI, â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective.† On September 11, 2001 the United States of America experienced such actions, it was the largest terror attack experienced by any country. The affect this had on America was tremendous, thousands are dead and tens of thousand of Americans in our country know someone who was killed or injured. The terrorist attack on America has affected the economy, tourism and foreign society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The economy has caused the U.S. unemployment to increase. The unemployment rate from two thousand one, to two thousand four has increased by 2 percent. The number of people without jobs has grown from six million, eight hundred and one thousand in The year two thousand and one,to eight million six hundred forty six thousand and two hundred fifty currently. This massive downsize is due to the lack of finances to fund workers in the workforce. Also the United States paid over one point, thirty six million dollars to families who lost loved ones in th...

Edgar Allan Poe Essay

The diction of Edgar Allan Poe’s works have surely enhanced their literary value . Firstly, Poe was a believer in the law of liberty of diction, in the aesthetic tradition in art, in storytelling. Hence, the diction in almost all his literary works, be they poems, short stories or whatever carry a smell of freshness, of originality, of innate beauty. Again, as he was an iconoclast he could free the diction of the â€Å"short stories† from the heresy of the didactic. He keeps an eye on details and hence a flexibility of diction was the need of the hour which he mastered. He has dovetailed poetry in prose as and when required in order to enhance the readability and appeal of the prose, in particular. For example, â€Å"Conqueror Worm†, as an individual poem has immense appeal as it can create a typical supernatural ambience. The lines have a dramatic ring, the diction is effective in weaving a credible picture of life, though, an angel comes and sits amidst the audience ‘to see/A play of hopes and fears’ where he found ‘much of Madness and more of sin/And Horror the soul of the plot! ’ But, in the middle of the poem, the tone alters and the brilliant effect is brought forth through befitting diction. ‘But see, amid the mimic rout/A crawling shape intrude! /A blood-red thing that writhes from out/The scenic solitude! /It writhes ! -it writhes! -with mortal pangs/The mimes become its food,/And the seraphs sob at vermin fangs/In human gore imbued. † The very lines from this poem, when incorporated into the famous short story â€Å"Ligeia†, it enhances the appeal of the latter. This story is primarily based on the theory of metempsychosis [transmigration of souls], as Ligeia makes a return to her husband through the takeover of the corpse of the second wife of her husband. Poe gets torn between the two disintegrated parts of the story—one, the life and death of Ligeia and the other, the return of heroine Ligeia ,years after, to life. It was not a cakewalk to harness the two threads to give rise to a unity of narrative. For this end in view, Poe has made use of a succession of highly suggestive images and words that mentally prepares the readers for the heroine’s strange return to life from the land of the dead. Weaving of the weird atmosphere adroitly with chosen, appropriate, vibrant diction reminds us of the romantic poet, S. T. Coleridge ,who with similar adept and facile pen used to make us ‘willingly suspend our disbelief’. For example, in the story ‘Ligeia’, the way in which the revelation occurs to Ligeia’s husband is really remarkable, â€Å"The greater part of the fearful night had worn away ,and she who had been dead once again stirred and now more vigorously than hitherto, although arousing from a dissolution more appalling in its utter hopelessness than any†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The corpse, I repeat, stirred, and now more vigorously than before. The hues of life flushed up with unwonted energy into the countenance—the limbs relaxed—and, save that the eyelids were yet pressed heavily together, and that the bandages and draperies of the grave still imparted their charnel character to the figure, I might have dreamed that Rowena had indeed shaken off, utterly, the fetters of Death. † Through the turns of phrases, suggestive images, gothic expressions, meaningful caesura, hair-raising descriptions the writer dawns the ghastly truth upon Ligeia’s husband , at long last, â€Å" ‘Here then, at least, I shrieked aloud, ‘can I never be mistaken—these are the full, and the black ,and the wild eyes—of my lost love—of the lady—of the Lady Ligeia. † â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is a significant story certifying Poe’s oeuvre. Use of maximum expletives is a characteristic feature of diction here. The very opening is striking from the point of diction, â€Å"True! -nervous-very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses –not destroyed—not dulled them. †¦. How then am I mad? Hearken! And observe how healthily—how calmly I can tell you the whole story. † The colloquial intimacy of the narrative, the protagonist’s fear of the old man’s ‘vulture-like, pale blue eye’, the Evil Eye , as he names it. After continuously assiduous attempts, he succeeds in killing the old man with the Evil Eye. But, he becomes victim of divine retribution and the ticking of the old man’s heart begins to throb in himself, abruptly, rather mysteriously and he admits the heinous deed. Poe’s diction is really apt in bringing forth the heart-rending finale of the story, â€Å" ‘Villains! ’I shrieked, ‘dissemble no more! I admit the deed! -tear up the planks! -here, here! -it is the beating of his hideous heart! † It has already been said that ,Poe believed that the tale should have unity of effect and that everything must be subservient to this unity. The Fall of the House of Usher is a brilliant example of Poe’s craftsmanship as it is tightly structured, concentrated and possessing unity of effect, diction, design and atmosphere. At the very outset, an atmosphere of desolation and disintegration is woven deliberately by Poe . The use of his another poetical piece The Haunted Palace is also timely and appropriate and in unison with the demand of the narration. Especially, in the concluding stanza of the poem ,we find the real appeal of the story packed meticulously, â€Å"And travelers now within that valley,/Through the red-litten windows see/Vast forms that move fantastically/To a discordant melody;/While, like a rapid ghastly river,/Through the pale door,/A hideous throng rush out forever,/And laugh—but smile no more. † In the following lines, Poe is keen on justifying the germaneness of the poetical lines, as included. The tempestuous elements of nature ,the solemn movement of the prose, rising to a crescendo at the end and all the strands of the story converging to the ‘single effect’ produce the grim phantasm, fear, which dominates the story. The strange appearance of the house, the weird actions of the mad inhabitant of the house, Usher, the strange burial and return to life of Madeline ,the death of Usher and the destruction of the house are incidents that contribute to the effect of horror. But there are other subtle factors too. One such factor is a series of ‘weird identifications’, for example, identification between the house and its inmates, between Usher and his sister and finally between the madness of Usher and the momentary madness of the narrator. Even, in the poems too Poe is at his innovative best ,so far as the use of diction is concerned. In the most popular poem,â€Å"The Raven†, the poet with his capturing diction runs to relate to the readers the grief of a bereaved lover for his lost love. The refrain ‘nevermore’ expresses the intensity of sorrow of the lover for his never-to-return beloved! In another poem â€Å"To Helen†, Poe mingles theme and form adeptly. Poe’s complete mastery over the diction is seen in the poem The Bells, where the four different stanzas recapture with striking effect the sound of four different bells—silver bells,golden bells, brass bells and iron bells. It has been rightly praised as one of the finest examples of onomatopoeia. In conclusion, it can , of course, be said in the words of Kirszner and Mandell , â€Å"Using vivid imagery and evocative comparisons, writers of imaginative literature often stretch language to its limits. By relying on the multiple connotations of words and images, a work of imagination †¦encourages readers to see the possibilities of language and to move beyond the factual details of an event. †[p-1] Sources Books: 1. Kirszner, Laurie G. & Mandell, Stephen R. : Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, Heinle&Heinle,1999. 2. Davidson, Edward H. : Poe—A Critical Study ,Harvard University Press, USA. 3. Krutch, Joseph Wood: Edgar Allan Poe—A Study in Genius, N. Y. Knopf, USA Web Sources 1. www. poestories. com 2. www. poemuseum. org

It Was Self-Defense! Professor Ramos Blog

It Was Self-Defense! Aileen Wuornos story is no fairytale, it is filled with misfortune, tragedy, and terror. Aileen Wuornos was born on February 29, 1956 in Rochester, Michigan. Wuornos parents, Diane and Leo were divorced before Aileen was born and both abandoned her and her brother Keith to Diane’s parents, Lauri and Britta Wuornos. Wuornos Grandfather abused both Aileen and Keith physically, verbally, and sexually, while the grandmother pretended to be oblivious to what was happening. When Wuornos was thirteen years old, she started to engage in sexual activities with the boys at school for cigarettes, drugs, and food. Wuornos began her life of prostitution when she was sixteen and she lived by herself. Her brother Keith died of lung cancer when she was twenty and Aileen decided to migrate to Florida. In Florida she became a highway prostitute where she met her girlfriend Tyria Moore at a gay bar in Daytona Beach. Wuornos was a highway prostitute, she would walk down the street and when a guy picked her up, she would tell them my car broke down or I have two kids that I need to get to. She would say to them that she has no money and wondered if they were willing to help her out and in exchange, she would have intercourse or other things with them. On December 13, 1989 was the kick off of Wuornos’ murders when Richard Mallory raped and tried to murder Wuornos. Wuornos escaped and shot Mallory three times with a 0.22 caliber handgun. From there she ended up killing six or seven men. Aileen Wuornos was arrested on January 6, 1991 on an old traffic warrant. Police couldn’t charge Aileen with the murders because there were, no witnesses, and no murder weapon. The police found Moore and convinced her to get Wuornos to confess. â€Å"On January 16, Wuornos confessed to six of the killings but claimed that they were in self-defense† (Phelps, 6). In January 1992 she was sentenced to death and on October 9, 2002 she died of lethal injection. What caused her to murder those men? Based off research the three main reasons are that she never had a good male role model in her life, when she was raped as an adult that furthered her hatred towards men, and she had to provide money for her girlfriend Tyria Moore. Ever since Wuornos was born she has never had a good male role model in her life. Her father was incarcerated right when Wuornos born for kidnapping and raping a seven-year old girl. He committed suicide in prison by hanging himself on January 30, 1969. Throughout her life the â€Å"man† that took care of Wuornos and her brother was her alcoholic Grandfather Lauri Wuornos. Aileen grew up thinking that she had four siblings, but three of them were actually her uncles, and aunts. Since Aileen and Keith were not Lauri’s children, he was more abusive towards them. He would constantly physically abuse them. Call them names such as worthless, evil, and unwanted children. Sometimes he would make Aileen strip off her clothes before beating her. â€Å"At about age fourteen, Wuornos was raped by a family friend and became pregnant. Her grandfather forced her to give up the child for adoption† (Encyclopedia, 2). Aileen even tried to tell her Grandfather what happened and he beat her for it. In Jeffery Jerome Cohen’s â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses)† he tries to explain how each monster fits into his seven theses’. For Aileen she fits into â€Å"Thesis three: The Monster is the Harbinger of Category Crisis†, meaning that a monster is created, born, or raised in a different way. Aileen Wuornos was not raised in the same way most people are. She was raised in an abusive home by her grandparents who she thought were her real parents until the age of eleven. Since she was born and raised differently, that caused problems for her that not everyone goes through. On December 13, 1989 when she met Richard Mallory, that night changed Wuornos life forever. Wuornos claimed that Mallory raped her and that she used self-defense and shot him three times. Because of that night that was the precipitating cause where she could no longer take men anymore and felt powerless to them. Mallory was actually a convicted rapist and even his wife said â€Å"He was so sweet †¦ and then ten minutes later he would scare the heck out of you† (Pearson, 19) and that even his wife knew of his unpredictable violent actions. Since the incident with Mallory, Wuornos convinced herself that every man that picked her up was going to rape her. Psychologists believe that she made up the excuse of self-defense. For example, â€Å"in one instance she indicated that the murders were the result of anger when her companions refused to have sex with her (Court TV, 1999). In another instance, Aileen reported that she would fight with her victims about sex and that when they became abusive, demanding that she have intercourse with them, she endeavored to protect herself from being raped (Ahern, 2001)† (Arrigo and Griffin, 56). So, this leads to the question were any of those men really trying to rape her? Or did she feel scared that something would happen and took action? Tyria Moore was an important person in Aileen Wuornos life. It first started off with them meeting in a gay bar in Daytona Beach, Florida that then escalated to them becoming lovers to them moving in together. They were together for almost four years and lived off the earnings that Wuornos made as a prostitute. Moore knew about the murder of Mallory and was suspicious about others, but she was scared and unsure of what to do. In the movie â€Å"Monster† directed by Patty Jenkins, Moore’s character â€Å"Shelby Wall† was more of a fictional character and didn’t actually properly represent her. Shelby Wall became greedy with money and wanted Wuornos to continue to prostitute while Moore never wanted that because she believed it was too dangerous. The truth about the movie is that Wuornos loved Moore, wanted to provide for her, and was always afraid that Moore would leave her. That was the root cause of why Wuornos continued to kill those men, so that she cou ld provide for Tyria Moore. Do you believe that those men Wuornos killed actually tried to hurt her? Or did she misread the situation she was in? From the research that I have read I believe that some of the men she killed such as Mallory actually did rape her. That was her breaking point, she couldn’t handle being inferior to men anymore so she somewhat lost her mind and killed every man she thought would rape her. I believe there were situations that she misread for men trying to help her such as Charles Humphreys who was a former state child abuse investigator/chief of police and also known as a family man. He was known as a guy to always try to help people in need especially women. I do feel some empathy for the things that Wuornos went through and that how she was brought up and went through life was hapless. That she was doomed from the beginning, but I also feel sorry for the families who lost someone who was actually innocent in the situation if any were. Arrigo, Bruce A., and Ayanna Griffin. â€Å"Serial Murder and the Case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment Theory, Psychopathy, and Predatory Aggression.† Behavioral Sciences the Law, vol. 22, no. 3, May 2004, pp.375-393. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/bsl.583. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† University of Minnesota Press. 1996. Print. â€Å"Monster†. Directed by Patty Jenkins. Denver and Delilah Films. 17 December, 2003. Pearson, Kyra. â€Å"The Trouble with Aileen Wuornos, Feminism’s ‘First Serial Killer.’† Communication Critical/cultural Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, Sept. 2007, pp. 256-275. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/1420701472791. Wuornos, Aileen Carol [Aileen Carol Pittman] (1956 ). World of Criminal Justice, Gale, edited by Shirelle Phelps, Gale, 1st edition, 2002. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/worldcrims/wuornos_aileen_carol_aileen_carol_pittman_1956/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 05 Aug. 2019. Wuornos, Aileen. Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States, Louis J. Palmer, McFarland, 2nd edition, 2008. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/mcfcpus/wuornos_aileen/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 05 Aug. 2019.

Understanding Primary and Secondary Groups in Sociology

Understanding Primary and Secondary Groups in Sociology The study of social groups is the main focus of many sociologists because these groups illustrate how human behavior is shaped by group life and how group life is affected by individuals. The two groups on which social scientists mainly focus are primary and secondary groups, called primary because they are a persons primary source of relationships and socialization or secondary because they are of less importance but still significant to the individual. What Are Social Groups? Social groups  consist of two or more people who regularly interact and share a sense of unity and common identity. They see each other often and consider themselves as part of the group. Most people belong to many different types of social groups. They could include family, neighbors, or members of a sports team, a club, a church, a college class, or a workplace. What social scientists are interested in is how the members of these groups relate and interact. Early American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley introduced the concepts of primary and secondary groups in his 1909 book  Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. Cooley was interested in how people develop a sense of self and identity through their relationships and interactions with others. In his research, Cooley identified two levels of social organization  that are composed of two different kinds of social structure. What Are Primary Groups? Primary groups are small and characterized by close, personal, and intimate relationships that last a long time, maybe a lifetime. These relationships are deeply personal and loaded with emotion. The members typically include family, childhood friends, romantic partners, and members of religious groups who have regular face-to-face or verbal interaction and a shared culture and frequently engage in activities together. The ties that bind the relationships in primary groups are made up of love, caring, concern, loyalty, and support. These relationships play important roles in the formation of individuals sense of self and identity because these people are influential in the development of values, norms, morals, beliefs, worldview, and everyday behaviors and practices of all members of the group. The relationships play important roles in the process of socialization that people experience as they age. What Are Secondary Groups? Secondary groups comprise relatively impersonal and temporary relationships that are goal- or task-oriented  and are often found in employment or educational settings. While the relationships within primary groups are intimate, personal, and enduring, the relationships within secondary groups are organized around narrow ranges of practical interests or goals without which these groups would not exist. Secondary groups are functional groups created to carry out a task or achieve a goal. Typically a person becomes a member of a secondary group voluntarily, out of shared interest with the others involved. Common examples include coworkers in an employment setting or students, teachers, and administrators in an educational setting. Such groups can be large or small, ranging from all the employees or students within an organization to the select few who work together on a project. Small secondary groups such as these often disband after completion of the task or project. A secondary group does not exercise a primary influence over its members because they do not live in the presence and thoughts of one another. The average member plays a passive role, and the warmth of the relationships in primary groups is missing Primary Groups vs. Secondary Groups An important distinction between secondary and primary groups is that the former often have an organized structure, formal rules, and an authority figure who oversees the rules, members, and the project or task in which the group is involved. Primary groups, on the other hand, are typically informally organized, and the rules are more likely to be implicit and transmitted through socialization. While it is useful to understand the distinctions between primary and secondary groups and the different kinds of relationships that characterize them, its also important to recognize that there can be overlap between the two. For example, an individual could meet a person in a secondary group who over time becomes a close, personal friend or a romantic partner who becomes a spouse. These people become part of the individuals primary group. Such an overlap can result in confusion or embarrassment for those involved, for instance, when a child enters a school where a parent is a teacher or administrator or when an intimate romantic relationship develops between coworkers. Key Takeaways Here is a nutshell description of social groups and the distinctions between primary and secondary social groups: Social groups  include two or more people who interact and share a sense of unity and common identity.Primary groups are small and characterized by close, personal relationships that last a long time.Secondary groups include impersonal, temporary relationships that are goal-oriented.Secondary groups often have an organized structure, an authority figure who oversees the rules, while primary groups are typically informally organized.There often is an overlap between primary and secondary groups that arises, for example, if an individual forms a personal relationship with someone in a secondary group. Sources: https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-social-groups-primary-secondary-and-reference-groups.html sociologydiscussion.com/difference-between/differences-between-primary-social-group-and-secondary-social-group/2232 https://quizlet.com/93026820/sociology-chapter-1-flash-cards/

An Examination of Relaxation Techniques in the Liight of the House of Assignment

An Examination of Relaxation Techniques in the Liight of the House of Lords Report on Complementary and Alternative Therapy - Assignment Example These are grouped together as Complementary and Alternative Methods of Medical treatment. Examples of such alternative methods of medical treatment include Homeopathy, Reflexology, Osteopathy, Aromatherapy, Relaxation Techniques, Spiritual Healing, Herbal Treatment and so on. Results of the medical research have shown that an increasing number of people across the world and trying to seek relief in these methods of treatment. People belonging to the modern generation are used to leading very hectic and stressful lives. Stress becomes harmful when it assumes large proportions and interferes with the healthy equilibrium condition of the human nervous system. An imbalanced nervous system can bring back into a state of equilibrium with the help of relaxation techniques. Relaxation techniques include some specific exercises which help to generate the â€Å"relaxation response†, a condition of deep serenity, which is exactly the opposite of the â€Å"stress response†. The relaxation response is actually â€Å"a mentally active process that leaves the body relaxed, calm and focused†. It does not simply involve lying down, resting or sleeping. When the human nervous system is engulfed by stress, the body starts producing a variety of chemicals that endow the person with the ability to face a critical situation. The relaxation techniques reclaim the physical body and the mind from this heighte ned state to a condition of equilibrium. The concept of the relaxation response had actually originated in the ancient times and has been in practice since then.  

Financial Managment worksheet 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Managment worksheet 1 - Essay Example If a company can also cut down on the accounts receivable period and convert the accounts receivable into cash in a much faster time, the less cash it needs to maintain as it can meet its current obligations with the cash that comes from the collections. However, revising the credit policy will entail a cost, that is, the possible reduction in sales as customers are given shorter time to pay for their purchases. There has to be a balance then, as to what will be the new policy and the effect of it on sales. The cash conversion cycle is the sum of the inventory period, the accounts receivable period less the accounts payable period. Therefore, in order to improve working capital management, the company can do something with the inventory period, the accounts receivable period or sometimes with the accounts payable period. If a company cuts the production time and convert them into sales, the less cash the business needs in order to meet its obligations. Cash from operations is generated by selling inventories, then receiving cash, or receiving a promise to receive cash in the form of receivables. The cash generated from operation depends on how fast the firm converts inventory into cash, therefore using cash to pay for additional purchases in inventory, and help meet short-term obligations. By increasing the inventory turnover, the firm can have inventories converted into cash. However, there is also a cost to resorting to this option. This means that, in order for the firm’s inventory to be sold faster, it has to increase its efforts on marketing and promotion of its products, thus incurring additional expenses. By ensuring that sales come in faster, and inventories turned into cash are reinvested for additional purchases of inventory, the effort is on generating sales mostly with cash payment. In order to match short-term needs with short-term sources of financing, another option can be to borrow for short-term.