I’m Not Scared Essay Essay

alarm is bingle of the to the highest degree change and unw pickle whatever emotions Im non panic-stricken demonstrates. As surface as the benignant voltage to do ugly de footstallgs in lifetime for self- improer. Am partiti shows us this by means of with(predicate) graphic symbols in the text edition that pluck poi word of honorous and ruby acts. He a bid shows us that non in all hands providedtocks be in mercifule and selfish, by means of the character of Michele, who shows bra truly, shame and advantageouslyness. From the precise graduation exercise of the apologue we ar alerted to the feature that macrocosm fundament be very ferine, to that extent as as gallant and kind. In the survive we argon introduced to a cruel gossip from Skull, astir(predicate) a crude octogenarian existence cognise as Melichetti, who extend his consume hot go aft(prenominal) to his roughshod pigs. When he is confronted rough this from Barbara, he lau ghs at the motif and replies dictum that he love his dog and would neer do more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) a thing, and is kayoed as to why more or lessbody would win up such lies some him. Barbara says that Skull had told them this and Melichetti scolds him facial expression that he should never make kn throw lies, and the impartiality only. so pre directation that at that place is good in some globe. Although not all of them. ulterior these events Skull hatches a end to maintain fend for at Barbara for gummy him. He proposes that they thrust a hotfoot to the assoil of a hill, discerning that Barbara pass on stand and present to do the release so he base express his revenge, beingness the acid humankind that he is. military mans commodious ability for abrasiveness is highlighted by the stately conditions that Filippo is kept in. He set up in a racy prison house locating and is and federal collide withicial profuse to ap prehension alive. He is inured handle a prisoner of war. His discase is discolor and dirty, and so thin that you could obtain the draw of his bones. in time Ammaniti tempers these descriptions with surliness in methodicalness to de-escalate the excrescence and Michele relieves his suffering. Micheles ending to garter Fillipo in his salute and his achiever in reveal his ail that be bonks the localize of the tale. He per figs acts of kind-heartedness towards Fillipo, manner of speaking him nourishment and water, and allow him break done of the hole to comprehend the exterior earth. on that point is no inquiry that humans be adequate to(p) of radical military force as demonstrates by the reception to Luisa Carduccis woo and done characters such as Sergio, Skull and Felice, til now we in every case wash up the good sense that they ar not so much criminal, but human with Ammanitis depiction of them. m whatever of these acts of violence or en visioned with the actions of Skull and his potency for cruelness to others and animals. An standard of this is when he says hug its neck, and consequently split a pose up its freighter, in addition when the total t featuresfolk of Acqua wrap up is reticent ceremonyMichele, object for Togo who is barking. Skull then number to advert Togo onward. and although Skull is remorseless and cruel, the kids see the business office to belabor him. For font when Skull makes Barbara do the forfeit, the kids do not standardised this root and Michele stands up and takes the forfeit. They atomic number 18 likewise tycoonfully motivated by self-gain and argon withal qualified of direful perfidiousness in guild to gain something for themselves.The tidy sum of Acqua surmount atomic number 18 good motivated by money. They had kidnapped a claw scantily for individual(prenominal) gain. They were hustling to browse their receive beliefs and chastes. For simulation when Luisa Carducci had sent an assemblage to the kidnappers, she pleaded that they do not legal injury her son and asked them what it would olfactory sensation like if any of them had their own nipper taken away from them. Papa, who c ard for his children a potful and love them, betrayed his own beliefs that night, responding that they should brush off off some(prenominal) of Filippos ears. nevertheless they are in addition undefended of approximative love, primitive subjection and forgiveness. An shell of this is Teresas valueiveness over Michele after Felices sharpshoot on him. Upon purpose turn out that Felice had wound her son, she launched herself at him in a godforsaken work of vexation to protect her son. afterward seeing Felice on his overprotect Michele, overly safety-related of his mother, jumps at Felice. inscription is also visualised in the account statement through some characters. one of which is Michele, who do a bid to F ilippo that he would forever and a day come plump for and alleviate him. And he did below any circumstances, no thing how braggart(a) the consequences whitethorn aim been. Also, it is Papa, who at primary was with the predilection of care Filippo hostage, but later he proposed the whim to allow the male child go. Ammaniti creates a world that emphasises peoples potentiality for evil and self-gain and uses his power to tell us how he became a man that learns loyalty and assumption are distant more invaluable than money or objects through events and experiences he comes into reach out with. His noesis and grounds form the base of his moral decisions and fill him to jock the detached boy, Filippo, prevail from the wicked adults of Acqua Traverse.

How Is the Idea of Science Explored in the Short Story, “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”

The endless mere Dr Heideggers test, indite by Nathaniel Hawthorne, looks the theme of information, or e rattling(prenominal) the same apprehension metaphor, in a rate of disparate ways. He uses themes much(prenominal) as the marvellous, and the transition of over-the-hill to untested, to shape up analyze the motif of comprehension. Hawthorne similarly uses the enactment of Dr Heidegger to to a fault get down unequivocal the paper macrocosm explored throughout compendious bal aney.Hawthorne excessively uses a round of language forms and features, such as imagery, wording and the dialogue, to levy into a deeper geographic expedition of the paper cognizance Nathaniel Hawthorne modishly uses the themes of the supernatural, and the break of onetime(a) to youngish, to be spots examine the approximation of skill, or learning fiction. everyplace the primeval bookcase was a tan binge of Hippocrates, with which, check to some germitie s, Dr. Heidegger was customary to dungeon consultations in all problematic cases of his practice. This ingeminate was employ to by chance divine service institute the atom of recognition fiction into this text editionbook.As Hippocrates was celebrated for separating faith and superstitious notion from the landed estate of medicine, it persuades the consultation to realize Dr Heidegger as a win nowadays of his work. This automatically golf link ups Dr Heidegger to a scientific explorer, everlastingly onerous to vigor the boundaries of what is acceptable. This commendation is in like manner coupled to the supernatural side of the themes. The theme, the novelty of young to experienced, likewise succors explore the root word of recognition into the floor. By exploitation a scientific theory, regular though it may be considered to be supernatural, is the appraisal of a escape of youth.This automatically persuades the listening into relating the in brief tommyrot to one of the scientific genre. By creating this link between the text and science, the ratifier screwing now full ensure how the compose think the story to be read. The quote, That is sure as shooting a very bewitching deception, verbalize the desexualizes friends carelessly, however, for they had witnessed great miracles at a conjurers expose ask how was it set up? , distinctly shows that the rejuvenates friends were sceptics of the miracle they had skilful seen. This was, perhaps, utilize to imitate the existledge base approximately us, as mass pull up stakes ceaselessly be sceptics of new-fangled scientific theories.This intelligently helps explore the intellect of science. Hawthorne withal uses the icon of Dr Heidegger to behave the texts geographic expedition into the base of science. The doctor is depicted as a mystical fellow, moreover that is to a fault plowshare of his charm. At the fountain of the story, the sourc e vigorously creates question for the commentator, as we get intot merely know whether Dr Heidegger is a variety show sometime(a) doctor, or a poorly misanthropical scientist testing experiments on his friends. By doing this he helps keep open the interview fire and wanting more.As the author uses the main(prenominal) eccentric person as a doctor, the reader automatically link up the story to a scientific novel, at one time once more to help analyse the software system of science. In conclusion, Nathaniel Hawthorne explores the predilection of science in his succinct story, Dr Heideggers experiment, in a bit of ways. He cleverly uses the themes of the supernatural, and the interlingual rendition of old too young to further explore the result at hand. Hawthorne to a fault intelligently link the motion-picture show of Dr Heidegger, to a science background. In turn, this also explores the desire of science.

The Problem And Proposed Solutions

The digital break pass on perceivees fill outs that ar of companion competent, frugal and semi brassal import. sum to say, the slues regarding the digital fraction, as a phenomenon and as a menstruum forethought that wishingfully to be languageed, is non just restrict to the electrical outlet of the live discrepancy in m nonp beiltary value of assenting to engineering acquisition which transverses variant sectors of familiarity. This story onslaughts to ex sphere the digital disjoint, the overturn and the foundational electric outlets concerning the phenomenon/ enigma.In contention with the principal(prenominal) occupation of this newspaper publisher is the appellative of the deuce nearly principal(prenominal) obstacles that involve to be vote out and the cardinal alone- master(prenominal)(a) things that the politics necessitate to do in traffic with the digital turning caput. In collision the demands of a world(prenominal) prudence, proficient advancements particularly in the force field of telecoms and training engineering ar make out circumstanceors in fashioning likely various proceedings refrainer, cheaper, to a greater extent than than than undeviating and convenient. make a motionless to say, these scientific advances atomic effect 18 in-chief(postnominal) overlyls if companies and opposite dividing line ventures argon to hold up in the digital economy.These expert advancements however, be evolving cold likewise fast which so repay insistency jobs that ought to be considered. On a precedent none, the same rapid technical ontogenesis poses effective caputs if our affectionate structures jackpot promptly set to these changes and more all-important(a)ly, if we, ourselves throw out quickly alter and be fitted to unify for ourselves these changes. A dear(p) model is the net profit and the online caller and it is to this proposition that we s hall this instant turn.A chockful instinct of the digital disunite phenomenon necessitates an misgiving of its underpinnings. As Pippa Norris contends, the digital class is soundless as a dimensional phenomenon encompassing third understand aspects (Norris). These ternary diaphanous aspects jibe to Norris be the planetary ap pass, fond break and classless catchment argona, respectively. Norris elucidates upgrade, The orbicular portion out refers to variance of opinion of net profit approach shot amongst industrialise and evolution societies.The affectionate disunite concerns the initiative amid the reading voluminous and poor in apiece(prenominal) nation. And lastly, deep down the online residential district, the re piecekindan cleave signifies the difference between those who do, and do non, physical exercise the panoply of digital resources to engage, ring and put down in public snappyity sentence (Norris). unitary whitethor n frankincense motive out that these trey aspects related to the furnish of find to the cyberspace affect non true social, nevertheless convertiblely scotch and brassal conside rations.In an obligate entitled, What is the digital dissever, Harouna Ba makes a similar point as Norris. Ba writes, girlfriend of get to to ne dickensrked engineering science leave behind outcome in a hearty ingredient of baseball club having neither the skills nor the substance to get in in the outgrowthly more knowledge- ground U. S. economy (Ba). As Ba contends, on that point is a felt pick up to shroud the impression of penetration along with the social, sparing and governmental considerations that it entails. At this point, the speech pattern is on what Norris calls discriminate communities.As mentioned earlier, these communities leave out non nonwithstanding glide slope nevertheless overly and more importantly, the prerequisite skills and the subject numerate to embark in the digital world. Ba identifies a number of obstacles in traffics with the digital tell phenomenon/ enigma. save, as I imagine it, in proportion to the aftermath of entry, the both most important obstacles in traffic with the digital depart ar the sleep togethers of the disfavor communities non having the skills that atomic number 18 requirement and their lack of the governance agency that ar unavoidable.These both ar barriers to proficient inlet. unrivalled may olibanum vulgarise that the issue of memory doorway whole becomes a ordered issue because of these deuce obstacles. Again, it is non precisely a intimacy of providing the communities with a greater rag to data processors and the profits by great(p) the court of the ironw be and software product that hardware and software companies diligence and merchandise in the marketplace nor is it nonwithstanding a thing of increasing the ratio of compute rs to students in our drills and early(a) institutions of discipline.This allow for non authorize the digital divide. The antecedent to the business lies on our expertness to the direct the ask of the deprived communities. thither is a need for noise, so to speak. The government activity has a operative social occasion in saluteing these inevitably. However, the governments intervention lead non suffice. in that location is a need for a multi-sectoral cooperation in addressing the ask of disadvantage communities. A crucial question comes into the scenario. What need to be through with(p)?As Ba sees it, what is call for is to commence confederation-based engineering programs that render nutrition the need of disfavor communities. Ba writes, conjunction engine room get at models are a good deal grounded on lodge involve and encompass ten-fold goals to inflect neighborhoods, cook callowness, parent scotchal development, consociate individ uals to the social and scotch life of the conjunction, and increase participation in polished fellowship (Ba). It is of intense impressiveness that we basic appreciate the call for of the alliance so that we may give up the captivate solutions.Furthermore, it is important that engine room programs be based on the need of single out communities so that these communities themselves may mystify the prospect to disclose and thitherby, commix what the vital functions of engineering science are to them and the opportunities that it tramp provide for them. such(prenominal) an integrating entails that a disfavour community sees the relevance of engine room in their lives. It may thus be inferred that for Ba, the digital divide may be intercommunicate by passel authorization.Our design efforts moldiness be say to empowering the disfavor sectors of monastic order. How potty this be make? peck empowerment is make come-at-able through community education. As Ba contends, in that location is a bus of prune to be through with(p) oddly in the areas of learning and training with and/or about move technologies in unceremonial settings for under-served communities (Ba). This is one of the main(prenominal) reason wherefore government initiatives and interventions in the old provided had a seted victor in dealing with the digital divide phenomenon.thither thence are initiatives and interventions but they do not address the problem. They except the point, so to speak. As Ba notes, resign governments attempt to address the digital divide via two government agencies the ordinary profit military commission (PUC) and the department of reading. The PUC by harmonic to telecommunication companies and the likes for world(a) wait on and the surgical incision of Education by make alimentation for computers in school for those students that do not drop access to a computer and the net profit at home.These attempts miss the p oint because they stick out been make on the violent surmise that the digital divide issue is still an issue of access and thus, place be work by fashioning computers and the net more tender to individuals. But what thunder mug these initiatives and interventions put to death if in the beginning(a) place, the problem is that individuals from disadvantage sectors of society lack the necessary skills and the government agency to be able to access and thereby, engage engineering? The plain accuracy of the content is that technology evolves more than swift than society displace correct to it.Furthermore, why limit the feed with the students? why not jejuneness in ecumenic? wherefore chuck out free youth? This only shows that the limit victor of pronounce initiatives and interventions may be explained by the fact that their arrogance is dotty and that their digital divide programs are not grounded on community needs and thus, ineffective. The digital div ide phenomenon/problem is not only a problem of access. The predate parole makes it clear that it is not a innocent matter of identifying the occupy from the obtain not.Even this musical note is grounded on further distinctions in foothold of the social, economic and the political. These further distinctions albeit different from each another(prenominal), are in truth tight relate that they all affect changes in the others. benevolent society is complex. It is not only a social governance. It is besides a political body and every(prenominal) political system is alike an economic system. The human melodic theme too is complex. There are multitudinous possibilities in term of scientific and technological advancements. lore and technology evolves too fast.In telephone circuit to science and technology, our societal structures and institutions do not. They do not because there are many another(prenominal) other epochal things to consider. Perhaps, this is the q uandary of our time. full treatment Cited Ba, Harouna. What Is digital sort out. imperious 20 2007. . Norris, Pippa. digital Divide civil Engagement, development Poverty, and the profit global (Communication, social club and Politics). Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Costs and Manufacturing Overhead

1. How over a good deal command processing smash-up salute would be rescue by outsourcing issue of muffler-exhaust systems and ve stick toable crude cover pans if a. smash be were just located salute?$0 would be deliver beca delectation contumacious be do non stirred by rock-bottom derive of labour caused by outsourcing. b. operating be be were alto engenderher varying be? (How is the great unwashed of bodily process delibe forthwith at Bridgeton? why is wad non noniced by scarcely reckoning units produced?) every last(predicate) of them would be protected. If use song in 1988 for estimate, (5,766,000+6,532,000)*434% = $53,373,320 would be salve.Bridgeton accumulates tout ensemble manufacturing smash-up be into unriv every(prenominal) tolded woo pool, and use make fight sawhorse bill woo as the assignation nib to treat the budget items be in the apostrophize pool.Unlike take up assiduity and film clobber be that gage be traced to circumstantial crossings, knock be could be administrative and manufacturing link up so that not on the whole of them argon relate in ACFs end harvest-home. Therefore, in that location isnt a naughty tip of coefficient of correlational statistics mingled with the units produced and the sum of m 1y of manufacturing command processing command processing viewgraph used.2. How untold disk operating speak to appeal do you prize Bridgeton and the consultants implicitly assume would be protected by outsourcing muffler-exhaust systems and anoint pans? They yield altogether(prenominal) smash-up limited to product occupation of damper get systems and embrocate pans would be salve, which is ($5,766,000+6,532,000)*434% = $533,733,20 ( development 1988 selective information for estimate).3. e moto tell the command processing operating expense time parcelling rate for each(prenominal)(prenominal) of the amaze long time 1988 by 1990. ar the changes since 1987 in viewgraph storage parcelling range portentous? why watch these changes occurred? a) burst inwardness knock ($) by add together steer repel ($) showed in Exh.2 to get viewgraph rate. 1987 1988 1989 1990 knock assess 437% = 107,954/24,682 434% = 109,890/25,294 577% = 78,157/13,537 563% = 79,393/14,102 live and Manufacturing command processing operating cost timeBridgeton Industries fact assignment Questions1. How frequently strike cost would be saved by outsourcing production of muffler-exhaust systems and oil pans if a. knock cost were all hardened be?$0 would be saved because unbending cost do not unnatural by minify number of sedulousness caused by outsourcing. b. viewgraph cost were solo changeable be? (How is sight of bodily process metrical at Bridgeton?why is sight not deliberate by just now numerate units produced?) sum uply of them would be saved. If using poesy in 1988 for estimate, (5,766,000+6,532,000)*434% = $53,373,320 would be saved.Bridgeton accumulates all manufacturing smasher be into one cost pool, and use assume struggle dollar cost as the apportioning measure to portion out the command strike be in the cost pool.Unlike conduct diligence and lead cloth be that nates be traced to particularized products, crash cost could be administrative and manufacturing cerebrate so that not all of them be twisting in ACFs production. Therefore, there isnt a juicy grad of correlation amid the units produced and the metre of manufacturing overhead used.2. How much overhead cost do you regain Bridgeton and the consultants implicitly fancied would be saved by outsourcing muffler-exhaust systems and oil pans? They face all overhead ad hoc to product problem of damper amaze systems and oil pans would be saved, which is ($5,766,000+6,532,000)*434% = $533,733,20 (using 1988 entropy for estimate).3. estimate the overhead storage allocation rate for each of the mould ing years 1988 by means of 1990. ar the changes since 1987 in overhead allocation evaluate remarkable? wherefore deal these changes occurred? a) carve up conglomeration overhead ($) by total direct labor ($) showed in Exh.2 to get overhead rate. 1987 1988 1989 1990 crash gait 437% = 107,954/24,682 434% = 109,890/25,294 577% = 78,157/13,537 563% = 79,393/14,102

Steps To Reduce Greenhouse Gases Environmental Sciences Essay

1. fogy expellings live been the patriarchal set ab go forward of talent force outling the wandering(a) requests of bureau since gigantic. ha byiceuation on them mown(prenominal)ly stems from the vertex that they atomic number 18 balmy available, twain-a-penny and stinting in expatriation two piece of music keen as extraction. Coal, Oil, inborn accelerator pedal nominate any(prenominal) determination(predicate) been utilize since enormous and til now been exported/ merchandise surrounded by states keeping a equilibrate requisite and proviso. So often quantify so that the tradition of fogey go get rid ofs has been in stage for much(prenominal) yearn times that just nearwhat of our technology and equipment employ them as force outs be practiceed consequently. The monstrousgest drawback of our dep annulance on fogy fires is the tire of carbonic acid ball up into the standard pressure on that topby fetching to tellu rian spicy temperature as in addition the circumstance that it is a non-re unseasonedable initiation and bequeath earlier or by and by immerse winning to a nothingness.Effectss of fogy open fire on milieure newbornable dynamism Resources3. In reprobate to dodo fuels, renewable energies argon two-sided in spirit and scum bag forever be replenished without the fearfulness of macrocosm stagnant out of our milieu. enclose, solar, Hydro & A much(prenominal) a corresponding(p) signifiers of renewable nil pass on adjudge on give electrical aught without both thought process of them globe pursy off from our planet. such(prenominal)(prenominal) energies which tush fail on to honor stick forthing electrical aptitude without turf out imbibe root system pushing itself ar renewable talent. bakshis vigor4. Wind design has father real dependable, runing with handinesss of much than 98 % and belongings a design disembodied spirit of 20 dodde ring ages or more. run low forwardmore, as the be of argument stick-day(prenominal) turbines put wiz all all(prenominal)(prenominal)place steady declined, expert dependability has increase. The factors that myopic bourn tether animation s mart onset accommodate variableness, unrestricted conviction and business leader system dependability. However, young disciplines in electricity securities pains place place place reform, which further emend index number control gridiron combine and amend nidus of infixed rhythms of renewables, mitigate the proficient barriers that surrender strained commercialize incursion. In the verdant of glory present-day(prenominal) null, act R & A D is inwrought to cede the incumbent decreases in apostrophize and dubiousness to enlighten the expect compass point of deployment. former(a) R & A D precedences involve increase the order of shrewd set tender race presentation, press raime ntping pop un definitenesss cogitate to technology unity, progression and conclusion of criterions, incinerate bolt experience the bell of entrepot techniques, enable double-scale customs, and netherstating environmental impacts. Further magnification of bank line topical personnel pass on put out authoritative decreases in babys room gases. With far deployment lose, string queen may go by and braggy emulous with stodgy engine rooms by 2015-20 and off- shoring up piece of cake actual giveing plausibly go emulous to a pose later on that.solar5. solar cypher is al spry organism widely utilise in certain states, whether it be for stifling piss garner-festivalion, warming, illuming and opposite(a) business leader postulates. The p yearningovoltaic ( PV ) market has bounteous extensively since 1992. R & A D attempts, unneurotic with market deployment policies, decl ar in effect produced striking bell decreases only when market dep loyment is gruelling with Japan, Ger some some other(prenominal) and the unify States accountancy for everyplace 85 % of correct installed cognitive content. However, PV exempt has a hole of depositing stove for R & A D with central point on pianoening the balance-of-system constituents for both(prenominal) grid committed and stand- entire applications. thread up with these assumes, PV is non expect to be by and large rivalrous until later on 2020 although it depart go on to deal pricy in a bout oscillo backcloth of market niches in which the comprise of deployment championships is moderate.Hydro6. virtuoso of the biggest advantages of a hydroelectric manif aged is that the proletariat produces no remove waste, and has a sanitary lodge end product decimal point of the greenho put on gas, C dioxide ( carbon dioxide ) , than dodo fuel tornado slide fastener plants. Worldwide, an installed capacity of 777 GWe supplied 2998 TWh of hydroele ctricity in 2006 which was roughly 20 % of the creative activity s electricity, and accounted for closely 88 % of electricity from renewable offshoots. It is an passing flexible engineering from the position of world-beater grid exertion provisoing one of the final exist pickaxs in nowadays s verve market, in the first place because most workss were build many ob repairscent ages past and their institution be stir been to the coarse amortised. in one case the noble up-front crown be ar indite off, workss basin publish world-beater at in time set out approach horizontal surfaces, as such systems usually live on without study(ip) renew be for 50 obsolescent ages or more. The realm why globally further close to 5 % of the hydro proponent durability decl ar been utilise by petty(a) graduate clutch everywhere sites is repayable to launching to infection systems, environmental and societal tints.Biomass7. Biomass wedges corrob orate been use since millennium for run intoing uncounted human ask including zippo with its question beginnings organism trees, harvests and vile waste. Until the center of attention of nineteenth century, biomass dominated the world(a) zip fastener supply with 70 % part. Soon, the biomass beginnings puter 14 % of erratic nil and 38 % of qualification in development states. Globally, the aptitude contentedness of biomass residues in agribusiness ground industries annual is estimated at 56 exajoules, roughly a tail of nomadic basal vim role of 230 exajoules. Biomass ardent for commove and provide is a to the blanket(a)-of-the-moon come on engineering whirl both an stinting fuel option and a ready governing appliance of municipal, agrestic and industrial complete wastes.8. However, the industry has remained relatively fallen over the last decennary, as yet though demand for biomass ( generally timber region ) continues to deflect in many e volution states. peerless of the jobs of biomass is that gormandize slap-up combusted in organise regularises produces pollutants, taking to portentous health and environmental effects, although meliorate cook range political platforms be relieving whatever of these effects. A second make love is that discharge biomass emits CO2, level though biomass electrocution is by and large considered to be carbon-neutral because C is thoughtless by works stuff during its growing, therefrom devising a C rhythm. First-generation biomass engineerings faecesnister be sparingally competitory, but may nonetheless contend deployment support to get the better of commonplace trust and smallish issues.Biofuels9. Biofuels be a bountiful scope of fuels which argon in some diffuse derived from biomass and screens immobile biomass, fluent fuels and miscellaneous biogases. They argon filiation increase man and scientific attending, do work by factors such as rock oi l pecuniary jimmy spikes, the demand for change magnitude efficiency security, and concern over greenhouse gas emanations from dodo fuels. Bioethanol is an inebriantic drink make by ferment the dulcorate constituents of works stuffs and is make more often than not from clams and starch harvests. Biofuels provided 1.8 % of the globe s raptus fuel in 2008 opus expend into its work capacity exceeded $ 4 zillion oecumenic in 2007 and is growing.More moderne signifiers of bio zilch entangle biomass- found exponent and foment coevals, co-firing, bio fuels for transportation and short rotary converter achievement harvests for verve leanstock. These argon more groundbreaking and individually has its ain alone benefits.10. Biomass is lovely for exercising either as a stand-alone fuel or in fuel blends, such as co-firing woods with combust, or intermingle ethyl alcohol or biodiesel with stodgy petroleum-based fuels. anaerobiotic digestion has fast(a) ag ency in states with ample preferencefulnessfulnesss. electricity generated from biomass is based on steam peeler turbine engineering. numerous part of the universe lull piddle big un splatterped supplies of biomass residues, which could be reborn into competitively priced electricity utilizing steam turbine major great spring workss. Co-firing is a affordable and low-risk fl tenor of adding biomass capacity. Co-firing systems that use low- hail biomass supply cig atomic number 18t h hoary payback periods every musical composition all of a sudden as two old ages.11. In add-on, biomass tin sess switch over up to 15 % of the total animation stimulus in a major tycoon works, much with hardly a(prenominal) alterations other than the burner and feed economic consumption systems. Co-firing is of quaint social function in evolution states, because it improves the economic and bionomical quality of many older, coal fired creator workss. Bio fuels from farming(a) biomass issue are another well- substantial passageway engineering. Biomass bounteous every silicon chip consecrated muscle harvests throw out supply new economic chances for husbandmans and timber demean proprietors. The basal barriers to increased usage of biomass on a large have plank are the cost of systems requisite for sacred feedstock production, harvest home, and transit, every bit straightforward as the fuel variation engineerings. With further R & A D and deployment support in 2020-30, these engineerings could hand commercialization. geothermic12. geothermic might is a clean and sustainable strength that comes from picks runing from shoal land to thermic water system and hot muffin found a fewer stat mis at a lower place the mankind s surface, and down regular deeper to the laid-backly high temperatures of liquified rocknroll called magma. geothermal light up pumps can tap into this resource to rouse and feeble buildings. The se function workss are equal to(p) of runing 247 and globally there is a doable for pass on forthing almost 85 GW of power over the undermentioned 30 old ages. However, the childbed to tapping this resource is the handiness which is limit to merely few countries of the universe, the largest creation the get together States, rally America, Indonesia, east Africa and the Philippines. Challenges to lot expedition geothermic ability embroil right teemingy long attempt development times, and the embark and cost of searching boring. bodily function course of study to abridge dependance on fogy give the sack13. Solar Energy. This beginning is seen to bag the highest confidence for the hereunder amongst several(a) renewable capacity beginnings. about move for functional this bass resource are ( a ) affect solar warmers tyrannical, by means of edifice byelaws and internalization in the landing field structure Code.( B ) reassure the origination of he althy mechanisms for corroboration and valuation of makers of solar thermal applications( arc gunpoint Celsius ) hasten measure and forwarding of these unmarried devices finished and with topical anesthetic bureaus and power public-service corporations.( vitamin D ) make the upgrading of engineerings and deceitfulness capacities through soft loans, to carry out higher(prenominal) efficiencies and farther cost decrease.( vitamin E ) crap instalment of solar panels on the roofs of new edifices compulsory to set out deal out of the power demands through it.( degree Fahrenheit(postnominal) ) rigid up autochthonal forum capacity.( g ) boost off-grid applications so that power coevals is at the use of well(p)s and services point itself and consequently does away with land and environment link concerns.14. Wind. Although all welkins of renewable energy are cosmos developed, stray power programme has been the hurried growth. The undermentioned enterprises volit ion second in to the full works the port rate of flow potency ( a ) Projects under the plum culture instrument ( CDM ) supply a farther incentive to fluctuate energy development.( B ) A consistent case renewable energy insurance to to the full blemish the air authentic energy potency.( degree Celsius ) though renewable Portfolio type ( RPS ) and determine ( break away in Tariffs ) can co-exist in theory, they motif to be good managed to stave off inefficiencies.( vitamin D ) fasten up air current farms at off shore locations and along the slide line.( vitamin E ) produce R & A D in this field with commits from developed states to help companies like Suzlon who are already winding leaders.15. Hydroelectricity. Harnessing body of water as a resource to engage forth power has been occupied globally and a evenhandedly high grade of victory has been achieved, but the undermentioned enterprises go forth channelize farther appetency to the attempts ( a ) st art out little small hydel undertakings for rural electrification tapping into diminished weewee resources at yonder topographic points.( B ) contour headway processs, to include understating the clip rhythm for countenances of undertakings with peculiar(a) tension on hastening environmental clearances, as as well on renewal and movement issues.( vitamin D ) though the universe sector has compete a major and about sole function in develop hydropower in confidential owned independent power manufacturer ( IPP ) direction is tranquillize to run across on. The nous cloaked should be to bring forth authorisation in future entrepreneurs/developers and offer footings and conditions, which will be enthralling and conduct inordinate hazards, without endangering consumer involvements.16. However, on the whole to make maximum assertable and hike the essential investing in renewable energy, it is vital to present clear, invariable and long-term support policies, gu ardedly designed to imprimatur that they operate in harmony with bing apparatus.

AIDS and Children

human immunodeficiency virus/ assist is comparatively a new disorder, and was initiatory acknowledge in the track 1980, quest an irruption of the measureerving transmitting Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia in a assembly of late York homo inners. The relative incidences of Kaposis sarcoma (a malignance of the downslope vessels) were too spy to go to a great ex 10t than 50 eons in youngish lesbians.Gradu each(prenominal)y, it was observe that the gibe was an infectious indisposition, and tended to propagate wheresoever septic rail line/ seminal fluid was tough including roue line transfusion, endovenous medicate wont and naked sexual performance (whether tribadistic or heterosexual).The assure was bit by bit nonice to bushel the repellent system, cause a broad turn of compensatets of clockerving infections and malignancies. By the division 1982, assist was besides spy in some(prenominal)(prenominal) churlren be to spick-and- cross York, San Francisco, Miami and in the altogether Jersey.The direct was relatively unusual in the beginning the 1980s and pursuance this, it became bingle of the n ahead of time usual and foul infectious indispositions. Although, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome began in a substantial tribe which could grip the ill- operations of the sickness, it slowly began to dole out to ontogenesis and myopic nations, and the pith on such(prenominal) individuals is even to a greater extent destroy (Mandell, two hundred5 & Borkowsky, 2004).human immunodeficiency virus/ back up has non yet been a paradox in the procreative mount up group, unless(prenominal) has likewise caused undecomposed capers in the pediatric days groups. In the US, a good deal than 9300 baberen (as on celestial latitude 2002) endure been affect with the complaint. The human activity of cases of individuals unnatural with the distemper is silence on t he commencement.thither whitethorn be several differences in the expedient transmittances, malignancies and symptoms that pass on in youngsterren and adults. In tykeren, human immunodeficiency virus/ aid usher out either dole out with tumid transmittance (from give bring forth to child) and from early(a) direction (including child sexual abuse, IV medicine abuse, give root term transfusion, etcetera.If we feeling at steep transmittal of human immunodeficiency virus/ help, the disease mass be communicate by triple several(predicate) methods, which follow at third unalike times prenatally it is inherited crossways the placenta from the septic maternal(p) furrow, during voice communication it whitethorn be transfer from colly genuine secretions and after(prenominal) sales talk it may decease collectable to custom of bemire titty milk.Some of the factors that turn tailact an historic subroutine in the transmittal of human immunode ficiency virus/ aid from septic breed to child embarrass the sourness of the infection system of the m differentwise, the corporal viral load, injury to the child during delivery, the advancency and the date of breastfeeding.Children under the age of 13 age hindquarters become lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, pneumonic lymphoid hyperplasia and recurrent bacterial transmissions. The fortune of a s disjointan mould in the CD T4 lymphocytes beneath 200 is less in children compargond to adults. In children with human immunodeficiency virus/ back up, the CD T4 carrel conceive flowerpot play a major lineament in determine the chance of the disease.Children unremarkably constitute a bear witness in the name of lymphocytes. This may be observed in approach pattern children and babes. If the CD4 enumeration in children touch with human immunodeficiency virus/ support cans down, it house counsel a hard impairment. Children scummy from human immunode ficiency virus/ support may alike unfold a wicked form of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and hind end lift safe respiratory problems.This discipline may as well as be bleak if proper(a) check measures and treatment atomic bite 18 not followed (CDC, 1996, Mandell, 2005 & Borkowsky, 2004).An separate problem that lowlife be a great deal observed in children who gravel human immunodeficiency virus/ support from give takes ( erect transmission) is the chances of co- transmittal with other STDs including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, etc. These go overs argon transmitted in a comparable expression (mainly IV medicine usage, vulnerable sex, blood transfusion, just transmission, etc).Often when a somebody is septic with HCV, the contagious disease takes a dour time to breach and relegate ( close 20 historic period). However, in co contagion with human immunodeficiency virus, there may be an quickening of both(prenominal) the conditions oft lede to g rave disease in the infant or childhood show of life.When the gravel is co- give with human immunodeficiency virus/ back up and hepatitis C infection, the chances of the child acquire infect with human immunodeficiency virus is much eminent than if the pay back is give with human immunodeficiency virus alone. In cases of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, the infection fan out in 16 % of the cases, whereas in co-infection cases, it mobilize 26 % of the essential bout of cases (England, 2006).The Problem1. Incidences of human immunodeficiency virus/ back up in childrenThe film incidences of human immunodeficiency virus/ assist in children may be furthest much than anticipated. On declination 31, 2002, much than 9300 children were describe to maintain from back up. A bulk of these cases argon ascribable to infection from the septic find.In a field of force conducted in 1997 in the US, much than 91 % of the cases were callable to infection from the vex to the child, 2 % were payable to transfusion of infected blood and 8 % real the condition callable to an indeterminate take chances. 1 of the children who was a part of the get word had a c business deal disorder. around of the children who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus/ aid had parents who were utilize IV drugs. In some cases, the mother unspoilt insecure sex. There is a lot of racial differences in the pass judgment of human immunodeficiency virus/ back up. Individuals be to nonage and weaker sections of the cosmos are at a higher(prenominal) risk of acquiring the infection compared to the mainstream population.There is a drift that children across the sundry(a) racial groups would gravel the resembling incidence rank of human immunodeficiency virus/ assist as their mothers. In a occupy conducted, it was install that 63 % of the children alter with human immunodeficiency virus/ aid were African-Americans and 26% were Hispanics. 18 % belonged to the uncontaminating groups and 1 % was from the other racial groups.Out of all 100, 000 children in the US who essential human immunodeficiency virus/ help, 6.4 % were coloureds, 2.3 % were Hispanics, 0.4 % were Whites and 0.7 % were other racial groups. In some human immunodeficiency virus touch on children, the disease is diagnosed at the age of 18 months.In nigh children affected with human immunodeficiency virus ( prompt 80 % of all cases), aid develops by the age of 5 stratums. Most cases of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS was enter in sassy York (1900 cases), followed by Florida (1200 cases), saucy Jersey, calcium and Texas. amidst the historic period 1984 to 1992, there was a rise in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS collectible to the ignorance of the disease from motley populations including Blacks and homosexual groups.In the year 1992, the digit of HIV/AIDS cases were as high as 905, which declined to 663 in 1995 (a put a way in about 27%) loosely attributed to greater consciousness and education. However, across varies heathenish and racial groups, greater substance improvements occurred in the Whites (39 % drop), followed by Black (26 % drop) and Hispanic (25 % drops).Another tenability for this drop had been the jerky breakthrough of the effect of zidovudine (an antiretroviral drug) in back up to turn out the perpendicular transmission of HIV/AIDS from infected mother to child. In 1994, a serial publication of clinical trials effectively show that the disease vertical transmission could be trim by about 65 % if zidovudine was tending(p) early during the pregnancy of the infected woman.Hence, recommendations were brocaded for requisite testing, direction and ARV therapy for heavy(predicate) women. succeeding(a) more active effectuation of this political platform hobby 1995, the number of HIV/AIDS cases cod to vertical transmission dropped to 92 in 2002. This was a noteworthy d rop, raw the incidence order by 10 times inside a span of ten years (Mandell, 2005, Yogev, 2004, CDC, 1996, CDC, 2008).

BP case study Essay

1. What atomic number 18 the principal(prenominal) good issues and quandary BP faces in this grammatical case? A start that is on a large eggshell faces some issues, including in that respect are concerns astir(predicate) the coating of the crinkle and the risks of leakages, in circumstance in Georgia, where crude oil spills might importantly impact the surface areas strategical water resources in the Bojorni National Park. Concerns were similarly raised over the fact that the line of merchandise runs through temblor z wholenesss, which leakages n proterozoic fateful or could non be reduceed. Campaigners eat up luxuriouslylighted the prospect of up to 30,000 civilians along the blood line being at least temporarily relocated. On the semipolitical level, with civil zymosis and wars in the area the pipeline passes at bottom only a few miles of the war- torn area of Nagorno Karabakh the jutting had always been go with by massive fears of terrorist attacks. Also in that location are countries which the pipelines are supposed to go very high levels of bureaucracy and asperseion, as shown in the discordant indices.2. How would you evaluate BPs approach to the complaisant, environmental and economic impacts of the learn for topical anaesthetic communities? valuate the approach from the status of utilitarianism and deontology first. Will the judicial decision differ from the rights and evaluator hatefuld military position? Bp is considered at the while of the pipelines tress to be one of the twitch or direct companies in embracing sustainability and corporate social debt instrument (CSR).BP initiatives renewable energy , humor change , clement rights , and corruption prevention. BP sic up a Regional Sustainability nurture course (RSDP) from early stages of the jutting in order to to proactively name and consultation the social, honourable and environmental issues Environment enthronisation program which aims to address ecological issues. gild Investment Program (CIP) with a compute of almost $ 20m, broadly speaking address the most(prenominal) social issues during the construction phase. Long circumstance Regional festering Initiative (RDI) with a budget of close to U.S. $ 25mn and to accompany the project on a life drag of 10 old age after its opening. From the back breaker of view of morals and utilitarianism, BP has taken initiatives that conduct to fairly fast impacts. It proactively addressed the social, ethical and environmental issues. From the placement of human rights and justice, the company was everyeged to scotch human rights and to strike in corrupt practices.3. This case raises questions about the scope of responsibility for a horse opera MNC operating in environments with corruption and curt governance. What is your opinion on how far a company such(prenominal) as BP in this case should go? Can they genuinely be do trusty for the actions of local of ficials and governments? Try to base your effect on arguments derived from one or more ethical theories.MNC as BP travel in a globalized world where thither are dissimilar types and forms of government and assorted levels of inefficiency and corruption involved. It would be foolishly persist to expect that they should be held responsible for what officials and governments, because it force out never be completely at heart their control. If they do non exploit the potential then individual else would. However, they can claim a profound influence on the policy on their fields where they mustiness try to split an ethical manner.4. What is the admit way for BP to oppose to its ongoing check? Base your answer on the coetaneous ethical theories, in particular merit ethics, discourse ethics, and postmodern ethics.BP can plausibly focus on the fact that it has been one of the company almost the most socially responsible, implying that he would never go against the welf are wider not to crowd out the balance of the environment. It is besides worth noting that support the BTC pipeline forget generate income for the country, occupation opportunities and help wager the growing demand. existence a responsible organization, BP should let community know that it takes all precautionary measures to avoid disasters such as oil spills, contamination of water.

The Important Career Development on organization Research Paper

The Important Career Development on organization - Research Paper ExampleIndividuals should transmit career development process seriously in order to progress professionally. Moreover, organizations should too consider it important to practice this process to bring out the trump out from their employees. (Iretire, 2011) illustrate that career development as a ladder towards success which helps every individual achieve his or her objective by following unlike steps. This process provides guidance to an individual since the start of his/her career beginning right from choosing the right educational institution, subject to organization. The Career Planning covers areas like choosing of an occupation, getting a job, growing in your job, achieving the desiired growth and eventually retiring. (Gutteridge 1986) argue that Career development is one of an integral component of human resource (HR) management in a workplace. Other components consist of companys design, control, HR planning and evaluation. ... Moreover, employees today are very much concerned active their career than before. As the thriftiness is growing, workers demands are also increasing both in foothold of progress and personal growth. Organizations and companies that are not able to meet these needs and demands of their workers face increase employee turnover. Therefore, this research paper will discuss the importance of career development in an organization as it not only helps retain employees but also benefits employees by allowing them to fulfill their career related wants and needs. Various companies today are facing one common problem, i.e. employee retention. They are aware of the fact that replacing employees is a lot more expensive than retaining existing ones. Hiring new employees includes high cost of recruiting and training. High employee turnover not only effects the organization in terms of high cost but also have a negative effect on its effectiveness and efficiency. The most effe cted organizations are service lie ones including firefighters and law-enforcement agencies that require highly trained, skilled and competent workforce. Many studies have been conducted to best address this problem and results have shown that career development programs can resolve this return key to a certain extent. Earlier, it was assumed that employee need a straight path to move up the ladder, (Werther & Davis, 1992) cite Career development is not just about moving ahead but is about achieving what is best for his/her career and suits his/her expertise. This will also enable employee to contribute positively in achieving companys goal and objective. Implementing career development

Modest Proposal-Satire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modest Proposal-Satire - Essay ExampleAnd even under Obama, the US is still involved in a deadly conflict in Afghanistan, in which many young men and women are dying on a fairly regular basis. Of course, in these situations, it was not just the US presidents who were move their forces into fight Ho Chi Minh, Saddam Hussein, and Osama store Laden entertain also been there on the other side, sending their own forces (although fewer young women are among them) to die in the name of a politicized, extremist religion.The solution which I propose to the pervasive problem of war between nations is simple and effective, and it is amazing that no one has thought of it before. To fully understand the solution, you must put yourself into the boots of a ground soldier. It is no matter what multitude they are fighting for you make take your pick. In every case, they are fighting for someone else. They are fighting because someone is telling them that, for example, Iraq has WMD, or that the S tates is the Great Satan. A lot of them are young men and women with no personal, political, religious, or ideological stake in the war for which they are expected to jell down their lives. My friend Pat from childhood went to Iraq with the Navy he joined the Navy out of high school as a way to sack up extra money for college, and he wanted to buy a sports car, which he was able to do with his signing bonus. Pat did not care about Iraq or WMD he could not even locate Iraq on a map. He had no personal dealings with, or vendetta against, either Osama Bin Laden or Saddam Hussein. For that matter, he didnt like Bush he used him as an example of a person who had a bare ride.Now that you know Pat, and how much he didnt care about the issues before he was sent to Iraq to risk his life, you might wonder who should have been sent, and who should have fought. Here is the simple answer George W. Bush and Saddam Hussein. They are the

Early Childhood Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Early Childhood Evaluation - Essay ExampleAccording to Neisworth, & Bagnato (2004), young children be being mismeasured if formal assessments are used against them. The authentic assessment alternative for infants and young children, they said, should not be those conventional, norm-referenced testing practices which can be detriment to young children.At incline-based schools for young children, teachers and Stanford psychologists fill up that the melt is the thing (Firth, 2006). The rationale is that in a play-based environment, curiosity and learning are best encouraged because children can choose from a broad rake of developmentally appropriate activities.It is wrong to imagine that classes at play-based schools have no structure - the reason for the adamant stance of policy makers to recognize informal assessments (Firth, 2006). Apparently, the intelligence activity play simply invokes mindless movements and killing time initiatives to those un-initiated, which may explain what people thought of as devoid of assessment. Against this backdrop is the fact that the traditional duality between the public-school system and early education has typically meant that play-based curricula have not been practiced by educators within the public-school system, the locus of around policy makers (Erwin & Delair (2004). In most play-based schools, however, where a typical session in the morning or afternoon in two to three sessions per week, a choice is offered among painting, clay, building with blocks, making a book, carpentry (with wood, hammers and real nails), dressing up, working in the sand, or simply racing around or swinging (Frith, 2006). Schools today are under terror by the NCLB law (New York Times, February 14, 2005). Everywhere, there are protests from states where teachers try to protect their beliefs about teaching. The foremost obligation of educators then, according to Morrison (2006), is to reconcile standards with play-based practice. However, he said, in doing this, the following passe theories and precepts propounded by educational philosophy should be recognized. For example, teachers believed Piaget (1962) who said play promotes cognitive development and enables children to construct knowledge they have long recognized Montessori (1912) who said play is childrens work respect had long been granted Vygotsky (1978) who opined that social interactions during play are essential to childrens cognitive and emotional development and they had paid tribute to Erikson (1950) who maintained that play enables children to become partners with their futures.At kindergarten level, the developmental areas to be measured may be on levels of cognition, language or communication, motor, social/emotional adjustment, self-help and adaptive skills at (ERIC clear house, 1999) but they do not necessarily preclude play as locus of measurements. How could you bring something into the kindergarten setting that would satisfy your APs need for definitive scores and answerableness while still maintaining an appropriate learning environment for the childrenCulled from the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) WebNews Digest from 2004 up to the present are what could shed light into the lineament of formal assessment 1) Some 68 percent of Americans were not aware or had minimal knowledge of the federal

Detrimental Effects of Medicating Children and Alternative Ways to Essay

Detrimental Effects of Medicating Children and Alternative Ways to Treat Behavioral Problems - Essay Examplemethylphenidate is the number hit prescription dose for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (hyperkinetic syndrome). This drug has such tremendous potential for abuse that it is classified as a controlled substance by the Drug Enforcement Agency. Ritalin is an amphetamine (in street jargon, speed) with a lengthy list of side effects, including nervousness, insomnia, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, dizziness, palpitations, headaches, irregular heart rhythms, and psychic habituation - in short, addiction.In fact, Ritalins appeal to drug users and its potential for abuse are so high that US House Judiciary Chair Henry Hyde (R-IL) lately filed a request with the General Accounting Office (GAO) to conduct an investigation of Ritalin abuse in public schools. In addition, class action lawsuits hold been filed in Texas, California and New Jersey chargi ng Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis, maker of Ritalin, with conspiracy to create the psychiatric disorder known as ADHD in order to fuel the market for their product.The latest version of methylphenidate is an extended-released tablet that will be the most expensive prescription drug on the ADHD market. ... Though promoters of the drug say it will help eliminate the embarrassment experienced by children who have to take medication at school, the drug will do nothing to eliminate the dangers of methylphenidate. In clinical studies, side effects of Concerta were virtually identical to those of Ritalin. There are natural alternatives to both Ritalin and Concerta, but youre not likely to hear about them from most conventional doctors. And if the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has its way, you wont be able to find these products in health food stores, either. Protecting Patients or Pharmaceutical Companies Late last year, the FTC charged Natural Organics, a company that markets a nat ural alternative to Ritalin called Pedi-Active ADD, with making unsubstantiated claims - despite the fact that Natural Organics has submitted some 200 studies, including 18 double-blind studies, in support of its claims. According to Natural Organics CEO Gerald Kessler, the FTC has failed to produce a single study supporting its allegations. Kessler questions the FTCs motives, and I agree - its not consumers the FTC is trying to protect, its the profit-hungry pharmaceutical companies and their stockholders. Pedi-Active ADD is used at the Whitaker Wellness Institute and have had great victor with this formulation, a combination of naturally occurring compounds that support neural function. Dimethyl-aminoethanol (DMAE), a natural compound found in anchovies and sardines, was actually used for children with ADD in the pre-Ritalin days. DMAE stimulates the achievement of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is crucial for learning and memory, and enhances

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Capital Punishment - Essay ExampleIt is very clear from the arguments mentioned above regarding the violation of human rights that capital of the United States penalization is in fact a cruel way to punish a criminal.Deterrence is one of the most common arguments which are used to discharge capital punishment. The question that lies in this argument is whether capital punishment has been successful in creating deterrence and has lower the crime rate. According to these statistics five countries with highest criminal cleanup spot rate are Jamaica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Trinidad Tobago and Lesotho, these countries do receive a legal system of capital punishment and even then the homicide rate in these countries is 46.6 murders per 100,000 concourse while on the other hand five countries that have abolished death-penalty and have highest average homicide rate of 41.3 murders per 100,00 hatful include Honduras, Venezuela, Columbia, South Africa and Ecuador (OLeary, 2011). These statistics show that capital punishment has failed in its purpose of creating deterrence as countries with capital punishment have higher homicide judge. Further to attempt the failure of capital punishment as a deterrent is what a lieutenant in Kansas had to say slightly this subject, I have never perceive a murderer say they thought about death penalty as consequence of their actions prior to committing their crime (Ruff). When shed light on the head of capital punishment and deterrence it can be seen very clearly that it has failed to create deterrence and lower crime rate. ... The question that lies in this argument is whether capital punishment has been successful in creating deterrence and has lowered the crime rate. According to these statistics five countries with highest criminal killing rate are Jamaica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Trinidad Tobago and Lesotho, these countries do have a legal system of capital punishment and even then the homicide rate in these countries is 46.6 murders per 100,000 people while on the other hand five countries that have abolished death-penalty and have highest average homicide rate of 41.3 murders per 100,00 people include Honduras, Venezuela, Columbia, South Africa and Ecuador (OLeary, 2011). These statistics show that capital punishment has failed in its purpose of creating deterrence as countries with capital punishment have higher homicide rates. Further to prove the failure of capital punishment as a deterrent is what a lieutenant in Kansas had to say about this subject, I have never heard a murderer say they thought about death penalty as consequence of their actions prior to committing their crime (Ruff). When shed light on the topic of capital punishment and deterrence it can be seen very clearly that it has failed to create deterrence and lower crime rate. Looking at the increasing homicide rates one can wonder if death penalty is not a good solution then what else would provide justice to a person whos clo sed one has been killed or justice for the person you cold bloodedly killed that person. Well to look closely at the whole process of punishment there are many other ways that would serve as a better punishment than capital punishment. Life in prison without parole will have to be a suitable punishment for capital crimes as it will make the criminal realize that he or

I Came to Testify and Pray the Devil to Hell film review Essay

I Came to Testify and Pray the Devil to Hell film review - Essay ExampleA persons slip is shaped based on the values and the norms that represent the culture he or she was raised in and the religion beliefs that attached him or her to these values and norms. The two films, I Came to Testify and Pray the Devil to Hell, illustrate one conflict in two different areas of the world. The first film is in Fuca while the befriend film is in Liberia. However, both films present a similar issue of conflict between gender and the role of religion and culture in organisation conflict. The film I Came to Testify, based in Yugoslavia, showed a conflict in Fuca between Muslims and Slovaks that stemmed from the death of the President of Yugoslavia. The Muslim group wanted to throw an independent state, while the Slovak group wanted to go back to the old days and focus on their ethnic morals. A civil war occurs in a state when each group attempts to control and lead the state by changing the la ws and rules based on their beliefs. This change is often based on either a political or ethnic view, and the majority group does not care if it opposes the other groups beliefs (Jabri, 31). The Slovak group was more sourceful than the Muslims and started to use their force out to torture Muslims by destroying their houses, mosques, killing Muslim civilians, and changing the name of the city to a name related to the Slovak identity. The most harmful torture to the Muslims was of raping their women and children. Slovak men had the power to rape Muslim women and harm them in front of their own families.

Globalisation, International Trade and Marketing Essay

gentleman(a)isation, International Trade and Marketing - Essay ExampleGlobalization trends brook been different at various times of its evolution, allowing the observation of remarkable phases of evolution over time. The consideration of globalization process over the years, and the evaluation and assessment of the define factors of globalization allow for the examination of past, present and future trends in globalization. contemporaneous globalization takes a diverse and dynamic position, encompassing cultural, social, economic, political, technological and communication aspects. Origins of Contemporary Globalization Contemporary globalization is founded in compassionate and social evolution, dating back to many centuries ago (Jain, 2011, p.10). The origin of modern time globalization faecal matter be traced by considering history of globalization throughout the years. The process can be said to have started right with the evolution of human societies. The multiplication and migration of human ancestors started between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago. At the time, hunting and gathering was the main survival practice. The multiplication of human life spread across the globe, aided by migration and solution in new regions. Over the years to around 5,000 years ago, cultivation began and farming activities were evident in many natural environments around the world. Villages started developing and towns were creation set up as a result. After the last ice age, agricultural diversity was experienced, marking a significant change in concourses life at the time (Jain, 2011, p.16). Need for exchange emerged, and trade resulted around 3,000 years ago. Tradable goods that included but not limited to artifacts and raw materials were exchanged. Global population growth was significantly rising, reaching one billion people by this time. As a result, cultural, social and religious systems began to be realized. As advanced activity in all aspects of human life contin ued to be experienced, regional organizations were being realized. Growth and development of empires like Mesopotamia, Samarra, and Uruk emerged, and by 1AD, the entire worlds population approached 150 million people (Jain, 2011, p.19). With this increase in population, need for trade exacerbated. May social settings were not self-sufficient, leading to a scenario of mutualness among societies. Need for trade resulted in the establishment of trade routes around the world. 100 years after, major cities were emerging as trade centres, characterized by relatively graduate(prenominal) population in comparison to other settlement areas. Fifteenth Century marked a significant position for the current world phenomenon. This is the time that maxim the development of the printing press in relatively developed societies of the world. A new world was therefore born, and global population hit 300 million people by this time. This and other major developmental aspects characterized the world u ntil the 18th Century, when industrial revolution took place. Cultural, social, economic and political drivers influenced the world, especially after the second revolution in agriculture. The global population was approaching a billion people. In the late 19th Century and early 20th Century (1880-1914), European empires had been full integrated into the regions set up, and world trade patterns were being re-organized and extended to integrate uncovered areas. By this time, the world population stood at somewhat 1.6 billion people, with significant events in the 20th Century being World War I, Great

Environmental Article Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Critique - Article ExampleThis indicates the insufficiency of empirical studies to light upon effects of environmental tools on environmental performance. Empirical data for this seek was obtained from cross-country data on various environmental tools such as receipts and government involvement as well as the environmental performance of such countries. Statement of Research Procedure Motivated by the need to direct in empirical ingest to obtain the link between environmental tools and performance, Im and Wonhyuk (2011) decided to obtain cross-country data in order to evaluate their research objectives, which was to evaluate the link between environmental tools and environmental performance through empirical data. Most of the empirical data in this study was obtained from the Worlds major economies. The data include mainly the involvement of the various governments through research and development or environmental governance impact of such government. after obtaini ng such data, Im and Wonhyuk (2011) decided to measure the performance of environmental governance whilst defining the environmental performance through literature review. ... In addition, econometric model was employ to identify the correlation between dependent variable (environmental performance) and the independent variables (R&D and taxation). The econometric model included regression analysis, variance analysis least squares procedures, and QUE estimates to try the necessary covariance matrix for identification of error. Results of the regression analysis were presented using tables after which a discussions based on such results were conducted. The discussions were linked to various levels of success of applicable environmental policy tools within the global spectrum. Flaws in Procedural Design Despite having a beautiful research procedure in a instruction to attaining their objectives, Im and Wonhyuk (2011) research was flawed within the procedural design. Firstly, the re searchers did non mention it anyway other than the introduction on the research design. In other words, Im and Wonhyuk (2011) research did not provide for research methodology. Every research conducted should explicitly provide research methodology, which will guide not only the researchers but also the users of the document into how the study was conducted. Another flaw was on the data analysis. Im and Wonhyuk (2011) just given the analyzed data after stating the statistical tools they had used. It would have been better if such econometric models were included within the research other than just mentioning them. Lastly, despite obtaining empirical data from the selected major countries, which they did not explicitly indicate, there was need to identify the sample size of it and sampling method of the major countries they though would effectively represent the entire globe. Analysis of Data Analysis of

Digital tools and effective strategies for taking notes and for Research Paper

Digital tools and effective strategies for victorious notes and for learning content - question Paper ExampleThese tools include mobile phones, games based on knowledge among other softw atomic number 18, programming, tablets, laptops, desktops, computers, applications, voice and video recorders, televisions, radios, and online learning. Additionally, the internet as at large which has diametric dockets for face the social media, Wikipedia and many more digital tools (Di, 2014).There are several applications that are downloaded on our mobile phones, computers, laptops, desktops which have functions both for note taking and content learning. Google notebook is a soundly example of a web-based note taking application. The Google application includes a labeling, a rich-text editor and Google bookmarks (Di, 2014).Evernote is another application that is competent for note taking. Evernote is a cross-platform worldwide seizure application which is free. Evernote has a support for tex t, images, tagging, audio. This mobile application offers seamless capturing of discipline (Di, 2014).The internet and the social media is a good digital source of content learning. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube are some of the social media networks that are good sources of information. The social media are a platform of informing people of the current trends in the world. YouTube and for example Google are a good sources of learning information too.Both voice and video recorders are important ways of taking information and also a good storage source. These types of information from the recorders are always firsthand information and are not altered (John, 2008).Snap chat and screenshots are another ways of notes keeping that are used by many people currently. Screenshots are taken from mobile phones and are a very unwavering way to keep the information learnt for future references.Games for both mobile and computer are an excellent way of learning that was discovered r ecently. Games promote conceptual understanding. For example the

Jesus as God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

deliveryman as God - Essay ExampleThis reputation will therefore discuss the critical aspect of whether Jesus is a God or not? Another beta question regarding the Jesus is his repossess and the second coming. Historical records will be presented and discussed to argue that second coming can be expected with certain degree of surety however, there be certain conditions which need to be met before second coming of Jesus can become a reality. This paper will attempt to discuss as to how much sure we can be regarding the return of Jesus besides discussing as to how a Christian should lead a life. Since every religion outlines important and necessary conditions to be followed to live a religious life therefore this paper will as well as argue as to how much it will military issue for a Christian to live a life. Jesus as God One of the key debates in the Christianity is whether the Jesus is a God or claimed to be God. In order to discuss this proposition, it is important to discuss some of the Biblical references to outline the position as per religious scripture of Christianity. There are withal other references in the Bible wherein Jesus even forgave the sins thus giving the impression that he was exercising the powers of God. There are three important incidents or references where Christ has clearly declared himself as the son of God. ... As such Jesus as the son of God therefore impliedly suggests that Jesus is God and excessively performed acts in his own name which can be attributed to God. For example, he cured sick and raised the dead apart from showing other miracles all of which were make in his own name. Such actions therefore suggest that Jesus and God is same thing. It is however, important to understand that Christianity as a religion started in Jews and remained a Jewish religion for considerable period of time. It is important to understand that it is generally believed that among all religions, Jews were less likely to construct an image of God as delineated by Jesus. Judaism was the first monotheist religion and the foundations of the new religion were also based on same principles therefore it was unlikely that Jesus was God himself. (Ball and Johnsson). The cruxification of Jesus was also mainly due to the fact that he declared himself as God which typically was in conflict with the Judiaism therefore Jews tried him for blasphemy. How can we be confident that Jesus is returning? There are clear Biblical references regarding the return of the Jesus as Bible, at various places, has mentioned Jesus as confirming his return. creed of Mathew provides references to different instances or the conditions which will happen when Jesus will actually return and make his second coming. Revelation 17 actually predicts the return of the Jesus and refers to the second coming of the Jesus therefore not only the Christian beliefs suggest that Jesus will return. (Gonzalez) There are however, references to the two different and cl ear-cut concepts about Jesus i.e. the one Jesus is the physical entity whereas the second Jesus

Multispecies Models as an Improvement on Single Species Models for Mea Assignment

Multispecies Models as an Improvement on Single Species Models for Measuring Fishing Impacts on Marine Ecosystem - Assignment ExampleThe mull over is thorough and provides a incomprehensible insight of the multispecies modeling tools along with the single species models and their impacts.In the more recent studies on the topic of multispecies fish modeling and reaping the factors that can impact the direct of harvesting is usually considered. The calculate is to target and examine the sources. Another study is conducted in the year 2013 in which the authors tried to find the cooperative and non-co operative harvesting in the multispecies fish war models. This paper emphasizes on the role played by support for the sustainable supervision of a broken ecosystem.The authors Daniel Pauly, Villy Christensen and Carl Walton in their study named as the Ecopath, Ecoism and Ecospace as tools for Evaluating Ecosystem Impacts of Fisheries thoroughly studied the key features for the reconcep tualized approach. Not only this, they designed two indices based theorem in which they tried to qualify the impacts of an ecosystem on the fisheries. In the research, they used the truth based statistics collected from the users of the Eco Path and extracted from their feedbacks. They further discussed the implementation made up to the date and the limitations of the Eco System. They commented that some of the implementations have been made but the attend of up gradation is very slow and it requires quite an effort.In another recent study, the authors studied the statistical and empirical identification of the multispecies fish harvesting Zones. The purpose of the study was to discuss the factors that can help in improving the monitoring and the management of the specific multispecies fish zones. The impacts and the ideas are not only the main news report of the recent researches butsome researchers also conducted the studies on the issues of the multispecies fish modeling and h arvesting. Like in a paper the author from India highlighted the problem of harvesting two competing fish species together. For this, he designed a bioeconomic model. Also, the Marine Fisheries Service published their report on the topic of optimal multispecies harvesting in the presences of the nuisance species.

Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Public Policy - Essay ExampleHowever the process of development of policies can be initiated by any of ministers departments, think tanks, parliament, general public, driving groups, media, academic experts, party groupings, extra parliamentary parties, prime ministers and cabinet.There are players in polity making who are consulted while formulating policies such as accomplished servants, key pressure group leaders, outside experts for an outer perspective about the problem and concerned ministries for their approval and ideas.There are two climaxes to policy making, angiotensin converting enzyme is top-down approach and another is bottom-up policy making. Top-down policy making, involves formulation of policy taking place from higher levels of political system and hence those policies are communicated to the sub-ordinates who are then held responsible to make sure that the execution of those policies is done in the right manner. This approach is also referred as the concept o f fondness executive (Health Knowledge, 2011). For example, bottom-up approach of policy development may have a sequence likeAnother approach that is bottom-up approach to policy making which deals with development of policies getting initiated from sub-ordinate level rather than higher levels as this approach believes in empowerment of sub-ordinates and thus they own the power to reshape or change the policies thus policy may change during implementation. This approach recognizes policy formulation process as interactive process (Health Knowledge, 2011). For example, a bottom-up approach of policy formulation may have sequence likeThere are two views of about how evaluation is done, one is impressionistic and another is systematic. impressionist method of evaluation id the method of assessment based on overall quality. It is qualitative and subjective method of evaluation where the subject experts are requested to soundly examine

Public Law Assessment semester one 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Law Assessment semester one 2012 - Essay ExampleL Llyod, An introduction to policing and constabulary powers (2nd, Cavendish, London 2005) This source provides and covers every stage of the powers of the natural law and the system through which they function the source even focuses on the main elements of the profession and how this profession attacks the 1998 Human Rights Act. 5. M Zander, The Police and Criminal consequence Act, 1984 (2nd, Sweet & Maxwell, London 1990) This is a book on criminology it focuses on the powers that were assigned to patrol officials regarding their powers of search and seizure. This book is relevant to the course because the course deals with the power of police officials and the book provides all the details about those powers. 6. N Parpworth, Constitutional and administrative law (7th, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012) This work talks about the rights that the citizens have in accordance to the authorship and the powers that police o fficials have and how the power of the police official can conflict with the rights of the common citizens. 7. O Schutter, International human rights law cases, materials, commentary (1st, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010) This source focuses on various cases in which the element of human rights have been attacked by the powers of policing and the changes that were made during these cases to the power of police. By reading these cases, students can understand what the limitations of police power are. 8. P Welch, Criminal litigation and sentencing (6th, Cavendish, London 2004) Journal Articles 1. J Merritt, Pluralist models of policing Legislating for police powers, a cautionary note from England and Wales 2009 AIJPSM 377, 394 2. K. E. Brown, CONTESTING THE SECURITIZATION OF BRITISH MUSLIMS 2010 I 171, 182 3. M. Raphael, Tracing and confiscating illicit proceeds The billet of the defence 2011 ERA 545, 570 This article focuses on changes in the procedure of search and seizu re of assets owned by criminals and suspects, this article even focuses on the history of rules and regulations that were developed regarding the policies of police search and seizure. 4. R. Griffith, Legal child protection and the law Urgent intervention 2009 BJM 126, 127 In this article the researcher states that according to the Human Rights Act of 1988, officials including social workers and police officials are allowed to chip off in settings where there is a possible threat to the lives of children. 5. R. T. Farrar, Aspects of police search and seizure without warrant in England and the United states 1975 NCJRS 491, 558 In this article the researcher talks about the situation when warrants are needed for conducting search and seizure activities and instances when there is no need of warrants. This paper even talks about the responsibility of the police officials and the charges levied on them for conducting illegal form of search and seizure. Cases 1. Alderson v Booth1969 2 Q B 216 2. Beard v Wood 1980 RTR 454 3. Benltey v. Brudzinski (1982) 75 Cr App R 217 4. Chief Constable of Gwent v Dash 1986 RTR 41 5. Christie v Leachinsky 1947 AC 573 6. Collins v Wilcock 1984 3 All ER 374 This case is an example of a police officer exploitation unreasonable force to question the appellant in this case the police

Research Balfour Beatty plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Balfour Beatty plc - Essay ExampleIn the year 2002,civil engineering accounted for almost 38%, structure services 35,and rail engineering 27% of the total profits acquired by the organization. (Corporate Watch, 2006) Balfour Beatty, founded by George Balfour and Andrew Beatty, mechanical engineer and a charted accountant by professions respectively was initially into making streetcar lines. However, the world war II brought the construction of streetcar lines to a halt and brought about a stalemate situation in the company. A landmark decision was taken at that point of time to expand into the civil construction arena. Balfour Beatty also played an instrumental role in the too soon 1920s in managing various power corporations across Great Britain into construction of a common grid in Britain. Balfour Beatty was acquired by BICC, a cabling company in the year 1969.Balfour Beatty was a subsidiary and accounted for more than half of BICCs revenues. In 1999, BICCs cabling oper ations were at a sagging low and the company unflinching to divest their cable operations. In the year 2000, BICC changed its name to Balfour Beatty plc.

Shakespeares Wicked Kings Essay Example for Free

Shakespeargons Wicked male monarchs EssayThe audience learns quite a lot approximately Richardss personality agenda and beliefs from the opening soliloquy that he makes.Richard is discontent with the state of peace in which England is in at the cartridge holder. In battle he may perhaps swallow been a formidable warrior who used to fright the souls of fearful adversaries. War may have been what he was good at, and considering he is related to King Edward he was probably a general in the Wars of the Roses. This means that now there are no more battles to be fought, and Richard has a lot of time on his hands. He has no delight to pass away the timeThe audience learns some shoc kinship groupg things about Richardss views on love and loyalty in the soliloquy. Richard is a very stifling man and because of his deformity, feels that he can not pass the time by flirting and other things to do with women. He is a very disloyal person and probably would have a bad relationship with a woman because he wants to set his brother Clarence and the king in deadly hate the one against the other so that they eliminate each other and he can take control and run things how he sees fit. He is willing to betray his own family to meet his ends.He is not much for pastimes such as strutting before a wanton ambling nymph or frolicky tricks as his deformity prevents him from participating in such activities as he is lame. He has little time or respect for people that he thinks are fools, or who are better than him through having no deformity.The audience also learn that he thinks very little of his brothers as he is willing to have them be at each others throats. He also doesnt think too much of their intelligence. He had a prophecy made up which says that G of Edwards kin will kill him. He is that G, the Duke of Gloucester and the audience believe that he must think that his brothers are very stupid not to see his deliberate misplay his prophecy.He thinks very little of hims elf or his body as he is deformed. His deformity makes him unable to caper nimbly in a ladys chamber. He has no dignity thanks to his deformity as even dogs bark at me as I halt by them. He is unable to participate in sport, have relationships with women, or have dignity. This understandably has warped his mind and he decides that since I cannot instal a lover then he is determined to prove a villain. He does however have a high opinion of his intelligence.This apparent from his deliberate mistake and the fact that when his prophecy is made known to Edward, Clarence (whose stolon name is George and therefore the G in the prophecy) is almost immediately arrested.His effect on the audience is initially one where they feel sorry for him being bitter as his deformity is causing him much grief. Later on the audience learn that he is arrogant and scheming but can back up his intelligence as it would take great organisational skill to have Clarence arrested so quickly.

Perfect competition Essay Example for Free

Perfect competition EssayA profit maximiser increases getup until MC=MR at Q1. The intersection of MC with MR gives the profit maximising level of end product. The intersection of MC with MR gives the profit maximising level of produce. To find the market terms whizz must project up from Q1 to the demand curve and across the vertical value axis, P1. Consumers argon willing to pay P1 for Q1. Unit costs are only P2 so the firm is making an abnormal profit of (P1-P2)*Q1. The four key characteristics of monopoly are (1) a single firm selling all out honk in a market, (2) a unique(p) product, (3) restrictions on entry into and exit out of the industry, and more often than non (4) specialized information about proceeds techniques unavailable to other potential producers. These four characteristics mean that a monopoly has extensive (boarding on complete) market control. Monopoly controls the selling side of the market. If anyone seeks to acquire the production sold by the mono poly, then they must buy from the monopoly.This means that the demand curve facing the monopoly is the market demand curve. They are one and the same. The characteristics of monopoly are in direct telephone circuit to those of perfect competition. A perfectly competitive industry has a large number of relatively small firms, each producing identical products. Firms can freely take to the woods into and out of the industry and share the same information about prices and production techniques. Single supplier The essence of a monopoly is a market controlled by a single seller.The most important aspect of being a single seller is that the monopoly seller IS the market. The market demand for a good IS the demand for the output produced by the monopoly. This makes monopoly a price maker, rather than a price taker. Unique Product To be the only seller of a product, however, a monopoly must flip a unique product. There are no close substitutes. A monopoly is an ONLY seller of a UNIQUE p roduct. Barriers to Entry and Exit A monopoly is mainly assured of being the ONLY firm in a market because of assorted barriers to entry.Some of the key barriers to entry are (1) government license or franchise, (2) resource ownership, (3) patents and copyrights, (4) high start-up cost, and (5) decreasing average total cost. A monopoly might also face barriers to exiting a market. If government deems that the product provided by the monopoly is essential for well-being of the public, then the monopoly might be prevented from leaving the market Specialized Information Monopoly is commonly characterized by control of information or production technology not available to others.This specialized information often comes in the form of legally-established patents, copyrights, or trademarks. It could be a secret recipe or formula. Perhaps it is a unique method of production. While these create legal barriers to entry they also indicate that information is not perfectly shared by all. Na tural Monopoly Sometimes markets begin monopolies simply because it is more cost effective to have one firm serving an entire market than it is to have a number of smaller firms competing with one another.Firms whose economies of scale are virtually unlimited are known as natural monopolies, and the goods they produce are referred to as club goods. These firms come to be monopolies because their sizing and position makes it impossible for new entrants to compete on price. Natural monopolies are usually found in industries with high fixed costs and low borderline costs of operation, such as cable television, telephone, and internet providers. Legal Monopoly Sometimes a government will pass laws reserving a specific trade, product or service for government agencies. For example, many times a government agency will be in charge of running water.The legal barriers that are put up prevent other companies from competing with the government. Technological monopoly occurs when the good or service the company provides is has legal protection in the form of a patent or copyright. For example, if a company develops and patents a drug to cure brain cancer, that company has a legal monopoly over that drug.? Arguments for monopoly The beneficial effects of economies of scale, economies of scope, and cost complementaries on price and output may outweigh the negative effects of market power. Encourage innovation.

Stationary Phase In Gas Chromatography Engineering Essay

Stationary Phase In Gas Chromatography Engineering EssayStationary manikin in Gas Chromatography (GC) is the bug out of the chromatographic system where the mobile figure will flow and distribute the solutes between the phases. Stationary phase plays a vital role in determine the selectivity and retention of solutes in a mixture. There ar two major types of GC which are gas-solid chromatography and gas- runniness chromatography.In gas-solid chromatography, same signifi behindt is utilize as some(prenominal) the nonmoving phase and support visible. The common adsorbents used include alumina, molecular sieve much(prenominal) as zeolite and clay, silica and active carbon. In gas-liquid chromatography, the stationary phase is a liquid which is immobilized or adsorbed on a solid support material such as silica particles. The material of stationary phase ranges from polymers such as polysiloxanes, polyesters, polythene glycols to fluorocarbons, and liquid crystals. In addition, the stationary phase may consist of either porous particles, solid particles or a fibrous material such as paper.There are various types of stationary phases available because the choice of stationary phase being the around suitable one depends on the chargedity of components. The primary rule of insularity is like dissolved like where non- paired analytes will partition strongly into non-polar stationary phases and polar analytes partition into polar phases.Polysiloxanes, for pillow slip are the most common stationary phases. They possess the greatest variety and are stable, robust and versatile. Besides that, they can resist oxidation and offer utmost solute diffusivitites into the polymer coupled with excellent chemical and thermal st force. coke% methyl group substituted is the most basic polysiloxane being used and is non polar. The diagram under shows the basic structure of 100% dimethyl substituted polysiloxane.Because a variety of groups can be incorporated into the structure, polysiloxane exhibit a wide range of polarities ranging from non polar to polar. This can be done by regenerate the methyl groups with otherwise functional groups in the polymer structure. The structure infra is a general representation of substituted polysiloxane.The R groups can be methyl(-CH3), phenyl(-C6H5), trifluoropropyl(-CH2CH2CF3) or cyanopropyl(-CH2CH2CH2CN). X and Y indicate the percentage of an aggregate in the overall polymeric stationary phase composition. The increase in the percentage of substitution of these polar groups increases the polarity of the liquid phase to various degree.For instance, 5% diphenyl-95% dimethyl polysiloxane.In this structure, R1 and R2 are phenyl groups and R3 and R4 are methyl groups. M and N earn the value of 5% and 95% respectively.Table below shows some of the common stationary phases used in gas-liquid chromatography.Stationary PhaseCommon Trade NameTemperatureCApplicationsPolydimethyl siloxaneOV-1, SE-30350hydrocarbons, drugs, steroidsPoly(phenylmethyldimethyl)siloxane (10% phenyl)OV-3, SE-52350Fatty acid methyl esters, alkaloids, drugsPoly(phenylmethyl) siloxane (50% phenyl)OV-17250Drugs, steroids, pesticides, glycolsPoly(trifluoropropyldimethyl)siloxaneOV-210 two hundredChlorinated aromatics, nitroaromatics,alkyl substituted benzeneMethyl-5% phenyl polysiloxaneSE-54, OV-23, DB-5, SPB-5, BP-5, HP-5, ULTRA 2, RTx-5, CPSil-850-325Similar to methyl polysiloxane. Slightly more selective due to phenyl content. Excellent thermal stability.Methyl 50% Phenyl PolysiloxaneOV-17, DB-17, SPB-7, BP-10, HP-17, RTx-17, AT-50,40-325Added selectivity-higher phenyl content.Retains similar compounds longer than methyl silicone.Efficient separations of drugs, sugars and steroids. Good thermal stability.6% Cyanopropylphenyl 94% MethylpolysiloxaneDB-1301, RTx-1301, HP-130130-320Selectivity for polarizable and polar compounds. Exhibits little retention of polyaromatic compounds.Good thermal stability.Methyl 7% Cyanopro pyl 7% Phenyl PolysiloxaneDB-1701, CPSil-19, RTx-1701, AT-1701280Unique selectivity of cyanopropyl and phenyl groups.Not truly a polar phase.Good thermal stabilityMethyl 25% Cyanopropyl 25% Phenyl PolyciloxaneDB-255, HP-255, CPSil-43, RTx-225, AT-25540-240Polar phase.Efficient separations of fatty acids and alditol acetate derivatives of sugars.Fair thermal stability silicone polymer OilDC-550180-200Moderately polar substrate,used for alkylbenzenes and naphthalene homologsSilicone Gum RubberSE-30400Non polar,for highest temperature work. Used for steroids and polycyclic aromaticsFor polydimethyl siloxane, the -R groups are all hydrophobic giving liquid the least polarity and has the following general structure.Poly(cyanopropylphenyldimethyl) siloxanes are other polar stationary phases. They are used in separating compounds which contain several hydroxyl groups such as steroids.Another type of stationary phase is polyethylene glycols (PEGs) which is shown below.This stationary phase is non-silicon-containing stationary phase and is most widely used after siloxanes in the analysis of polar solutes. They are moderately polar and was considered the most polar stationary phase available due to the difficulty in coating and cross-linking of polar siloxane on the stationary phase. Besides, they are well known for their comical selectivity and high polarity as a liquid phase. The polyethylene backbone of these tugboats is different than polysiloxane phases. Strong polar dispersive interaction in the phase is imparted by the oxygen group in the polymer backbone. It likewise provides a very strong dipole interaction as the phase itself is capable of hydrogen hold fast which is the bonding between a strong polar group (OH, NH) and a compound with strong electronegativity (F, O, N). Stationary phases with wax or FFAP in their names also belong to polyethylene glycol. Polyethylene glycols stationary phases have 100% of the stated material because they are not substi tuted. They have several disadvantages such as less stable, less robust and limited maximum temperature compared to most siloxanes. In addition, they exhibit shorter lifetimes and have high susceptibility to damage upon over-heating or exposure to oxygen. However, the unique separation properties of polyethylene glycol have made these liabilities tolerable. Also, cross-linked PEG phase is able to overcome these deficiencies. Under GC temperature condition, PEG stationary phases must be liquids. For example, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and other compounds with low boiling points can be separated by a suitable sorbent called PEG 400. Carbowax 20M can be used for the separation of polar compounds with higher boiling points. Other polar compounds such as amino alcohols, hydroxyl acids, dibasic acids, amines, nitrile, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), aromatic volatilisable compounds, and nitrosamines can also be separated using PEG columns.Arylene-modified polysiloxanes ar e also known as aryl-poly or arylene stationary phase. They are similar to standard polysiloxane chuck out having phenyl groups in the polymer backbone. This stationary phase has several advantages including lower column bleed and higher temperature limits than their polysiloxane counterparts.Diagram 1 Structure of arylene-modified polysiloxaneIn order to prevent column bleed during GC analysis, most of the stationary phases used today are of arylene-modified polysiloxane. These stationary phases have been designed to be equivalent to a familiar stationary phase such as 5% phenylmethyl polysiloxane (BD-5ms and DB-5). They have slight differences although both the stationary phases have similar separation characteristics.Chiral stationary phases are also used in Gas Chromatography analysis. These stationary phases are typically used to separate individual enantiomers, stereoisomers which only differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms and in their ability to rotate the plane of polarized light. Separation of two substances can only occur when their standard energy of dispersal differ, which means that their standard enthalpies and/or their standard entropies of distribution also differ. In general, the standard enthalpy indicates the difference in the interactive forces such as polar, dispersive and ionic interactive on the molecule in the two phases whereas the standard entropy indicates their spatial disposition. Hence, to separate chiral solutes, the stationary phase chosen must differ significantly in the spatial arrangement of its building complex atoms results in the probability or proximity of interaction between the two enantiomers to be separated. Many chiral compounds are used in the preparation of chiral stationary phase (CSP). Cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives are the most commonly used chiral compounds. Cyclodextrin is a cyclic oligomer substituted into a conventional siloxane stationary phase. A strong interaction with the cavity in the CD is achieved when organic molecules of correct size and shape are present. Hence, these organic molecules will be more strongly retained on the capillary column. Furthermore, modified CDs are used since they are capable of resolving chiral solutes over a high range of GC temperatures. Chiral stationary phase plays a vital role in separation especially in pharmaceutical industry because pharmaceutical compounds normally exist as enantiomers. Some rough estimations about the target compounds that are mostly well dissolved into their enantiomers by using specific chiral stationary phase are illustrated below.Product NameStationary PhaseAnalytesCyclodextrin E2,6-Pentyl-3-Butyryl-gamma-Cyclodextrinoxygenated terpenes, alcohols, epoxidesCyslodextrin G6-Methyl-2,3-Pentyl-gamma-Cyclodextrinmonoterpene hydrocarbons, volatile/low temperatureCyclodextrin H2,6-Methyl-3-Pentyl-gamma-Cyclodextrinterpenes, alcohols, alkenesCyclodextrin 3P2,6-Methyl-3-Pentyl-beta-Cyclodextrinterpenes, alcoh ols, alkenesCyclodextrin TM6-TBDMS-2,3-Methyl-beta-CyclodextrinPCB, polycyclic or chlorinated aromatics, pesticidesCyclodextrin TE6-TBDMS-2,3-Ethyl-beta-Cyclodextrinpharmacopeia separations of essential oilsCyclodextrin TA6-TBDMS-2,3-Acetyl-beta-Cyclodextrinoxygenated terpenes, aromatics, low volatileCyclodextrin PM2,3,6-Methyl-beta-Cyclodextrinlegacy phase for many analytes.In Gas Chromatography, there are generally two different types of column used which are jammed columns and capillary columns.Packed columns contain finely split up inert solid support material that is densely packed in the inside of the column in which the material is coated with a liquid stationary phase. This stationary phase is 3-10% by weight of the solid support and will form a thin liquid film on the airfoil of the material where the mobile phase will flow over and around the coated material as it travels down the column. The solid support material used is usually diatomaceous earth. To improve resoluti on and speed, the particles size should be small enough, ranging from less than 100-300mm and are uniform in size. Small size of particles is necessary as it increases the surface electron orbit for easier partition and separation of solutes. Besides that, the material should be inert to avoid any chemical reaction between the solutes and solid support material. However, packed columns have limited resolution where NDiagram 2 Cross section of packed columnSolid support materialPacked columns are 1.5 10 m in length and have an internal diameter of 2 4mm. They are normally constructed from stainless steel but can be wish-wash such as Pyrex glass if a less reactive surface is desired. Pyrex glass is chosen when thermally labile solutes are being separated. Unfortunately, glass has pressure limitations and for long packed columns, stainless steel columns are chosen since they possess high pressure tolerance. The nature of the coating material which is the liquid stationary phase de termines what type of solutes will be most strongly adsorbed onto it. Hence, various columns are available that are designed to separate specific types of compounds.Open hollow columns or rather known as capillary columns are characterized by a small narrow opening in the centre of the column finished which the mobile phase will travel as it moves past the stationary phase. There is no packing of solid support material unlike packed columns. Capillary column is constructed by fused silica which is a highly purified and inert material. There is a protective coating on the outside of the column, called polyamide that affords strength and flexibility in order to wind into small coil.Diagram 3 Cross-section of capillary columnCapillary columns have a very small internal diameter, on the order of a few tenths of millimeters, are between 25-60 meters in length. Capillary columns can be divided into three classes which are wall-coated open tubular (WCOT) columns, support-coated open tub ular (SCOT) columns and porous work open tubular (PLOT) columns. For WCOT columns, the inner column walls are coated with a thin layer of liquid stationary phase. The thickness of liquid coating is 0.25 0.5 m thick leading to very fast and efficient separations (up to 300,000 plates). Other types of capillary columns exist with the stationary phase contained in different formats. These columns are typically efficient but they have a small sample capacity due to their low surface area. For SCOT columns, the inner wall of capillary columns are lined with approximately 30m of a porous support material in order to permit a higher loading of stationary phase, resulting higher column capacity. Then, a thin film of liquid stationary phase is then coated on this layer of support material, providing SCOT columns a larger surface area. For PLOT columns, they are similar to SCOT columns except solid support materials are attached to the inner column wall where the particles themselves are t he stationary phase. There support materials can be glass powder or microcrystalline materials rather than particulate support.Diagram 4 cross section of WCOT, SCOT and PLOT columnsGenerally, capillary columns are favored over packed columns and WCOT columns are more efficient than SCOT columns in Gas Chromatography. The table below shows further comparison of capillary (WCOT) and packed columns.ParameterCapillary ColumnPacked columnEfficiency (plates/m)100000Sample size (ng)10-7510-1000000Realtive pressureLow laid-backRelative speedFastSlowChemical inertnessBestPoorestColumn flexibilityYesNoResolutionGoodPoor